Rural-Urban Disparities in the Continuum of Thyroid Cancer Care: Analysis of 92,794 Cases.

Objective: Rurality is associated with higher incidence and higher disease-specific mortality for most cancers. Outcomes for rural and ultrarural ("frontier") patients with thyroid cancer are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify actionable deficits in thyroid cancer outcomes for rural patients. Methods: We queried linked California Cancer Registry and California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development databases for patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer (1999-2017). We analyzed time from disease stage at diagnosis, time from diagnosis to surgery, receipt of appropriate radioactive iodine ablation, surveillance status, and overall and disease-specific mortality for urban, rural, and frontier patients. Cox and logistic regression models controlled for clinical and demographic covariates a stepwise manner. All incidence figures are expressed as a proportion of newly diagnosed cases. Results: Our cohort comprised 92,794 subjects: (65,475 women [70.6%]; mean age 50.0 years). Compared to urban patients, rural and frontier patients were more likely to be American Indian, White, uninsured, and from lower quintiles of socioeconomic status (p < 0.01). Distant disease at diagnosis was more common in rural (56.0 vs. 50.4 cases per 1000 new cases, p < 0.01) and frontier patients (80.9 vs. 50.4 per 1000, p < 0.01) compared to urban patients. The incidence of medullary thyroid cancer was greater in rural patients (17.9 vs. 13.6 cases per 1000, p < 0.01) and frontier patients (31.0 vs. 13.6 per 1000, p < 0.01) compared to urban patients. The incidence of anaplastic thyroid cancer was higher in frontier versus urban patients (15.5 vs. 7.1 per 1000, p < 0.01). When compared to urban patients, rural and frontier patients were more often lost to follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 1.69 [confidence interval, CI 1.54-1.85], and OR 3.03 [CI 1.89-5.26], respectively) and had higher disease-specific mortality (OR 1.18 [CI 1.07-1.30], and OR 1.92 [CI 1.22-2.77], respectively). Rural and frontier residence was independently associated with being lost to follow-up, suggesting that it is a key driver of disparities. Conclusion: Compared to their urban counterparts, rural and frontier patients with thyroid cancer present with later-stage disease and experience higher disease-specific mortality. They also are more often lost to follow-up, which presents an opportunity for targeted outreach to reduce the observed disparities in outcomes.

Disparities in Initial Thyroid Cancer Care by Hospital Treatment Volume: Analysis of 52,599 Cases in California.

Background: Racially minoritized patients with thyroid cancer are less likely to receive high-quality and guideline-concordant care. Inaccessibility of high-volume centers may contribute to inequalities in thyroid cancer outcomes. This study sought to understand the extent to which access to higher volume thyroid cancer centers is associated with patient outcomes. Methods: We queried linked California Cancer Registry and California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development databases for thyroid cancer patients who received thyroid surgery between 1999 and 2017. Hospitals were stratified by their median annual volume of thyroid cancer operations: ultra-low volume (0-5 cases/year), low-volume (6-25 cases/year), mid-volume (26-50 cases/year), and high-volume (>50 cases/year). We analyzed the rates of complications, rates of reoperation for cancer recurrence, use of radioactive iodine (131I), and mortality by median hospital volume of thyroid surgery. A multivariable regression controlled for high-risk tumor features. Differences in access by center volume were assessed based on patient demographics. Results: We studied 52,599 thyroid cancer patients who underwent thyroidectomy. Patients who underwent thyroidectomy at ultra-low volume centers were more likely to undergo reoperations for recurrent/persistent disease compared with patients at low- (odds ratio [OR] 1.17 [CI 1.02-1.35]), mid- (OR 1.25 [CI 1.06-1.46]), and high-volume centers (OR 1.26 [CI 1.03-1.56]). Patients who received thyroid operations at ultra-low volume centers were also less likely to receive guideline-concordant 131I ablation compared with patients at higher volume centers (OR 0.77 [CI 0.72-0.82]). A pair-wise comparison between all volume categories for all outcomes revealed no statistically significant differences in outcomes between low-, mid-, or high-volume centers. Only ultra-low volume centers had significantly higher rates of adverse outcomes. Ultra-low volume centers were disproportionately accessed by women (p < 0.05), Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian people (p < 0.01), those from the lowest three quintiles of socio-economic status (p < 0.01), and the uninsured and those on Medicaid or Medicare (p < 0.01) when compared with higher volume centers. Conclusions: Patients receiving thyroid cancer surgery at centers performing ≤5 such operations per year were more likely to require reoperation for recurrent/persistent disease and less likely to receive appropriate 131I ablation. Ultra-low volume centers served higher proportions of socially and economically marginalized communities.

Increasing Patient Portal Usage: Preliminary Outcomes From the MyChart Genius Project.

PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of dedicating staff ("MyChart Geniuses") to assist adolescents with patient portal sign-up; to examine patient satisfaction with MyChart Genius services; and to determine patient preferences for future communications related to health issues. METHODS: Adolescent patients (13-25 years old) in an urban, academic, primary care clinic were approached by MyChart Genius staff to assist with enrolling in MyChart and downloading the MyChart mobile App. Patients were also invited to partake in a brief, online survey assessing their technology use and access, as well as their preferences surrounding communication with their health-care providers. Survey responses were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were approached, 84 (87.5%) of whom enrolled in MyChart. Sixty-four adolescents agreed to answer survey questions. Respondents were primarily African-American patients (87%), with a mean age of 18.7 years. The majority (79%) of participants were either satisfied or very satisfied with the Genius program. The respondents reported high access to and use of basic technology, and a high perceived need for an electronic health record App. Preferences for future communications with health-care providers revealed population subsets, indicating an area to further individualize interventions. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies to examine a strategy to increase patient portal uptake and usage among minority, urban adolescents (a group with demonstrated preferences on communications with health-care providers). The presence of specially trained MyChart Genius staff is a feasible, effective, and patient-satisfactory method of engaging with this group of adolescents.