Orgasm Rating Scale and Bodily Sensations of Orgasm Scale: Validation for Use With Pre, Peri, and Post-Menopausal Women.

BACKGROUND: Orgasm, particularly in older women, remains a poorly understood aspect of female sexual response partly because of a lack of validated self-report measures. AIM: To evaluate the Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) and Bodily Sensations of Orgasm Scale (BSOS) for use with pre, peri, and post-menopausal women and between solitary and partnered orgasm contexts. METHODS: Participants (solitary context, 252 pre, 139 peri, 190 post; partnered context, 229 pre, 136 peri, and 194 post-menopausal women, aged 18-82 years) were asked to complete an online questionnaire based on most recent solitary and partnered orgasm. Principal components analysis with Varimax rotation summarized the data into interpretable baseline models for all groups. Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis tested for multi-group measurement invariance. Adjustments to the models were made, and final model structures were presented. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ORS and BSOS measuring solitary and/or masturbation and partnered orgasm. RESULTS: For the ORS, 10 factor solutions were preferred, explaining 81% (pre), 80% (peri), and 81% (post) of the variance for the solitary and 83% (pre), 86% (peri), and 84% (post) of the variance for the partnered context. Factors included pleasurable satisfaction, ecstasy, emotional intimacy, relaxation, building sensations, flooding sensations, flushing sensations, shooting sensations, throbbing sensations, and general spasms. For the BSOS, 3 factor solutions were preferred, explaining 55% (pre), 60% (peri), and 56% (post) of the variance for the solitary and 56% (pre), 61% (peri), and 60% (post) of the variance for the partnered context. Factors included extragenital sensations, genital sensations and spasms, and nociceptive sensations and sweating responses. Divergent validity was observed (solitary r = -.04; partnered r = -.11) and configural, metric and scalar invariance for the solitary and partnered versions of the ORS and BSOS were found, suggesting the measures were interpreted similarly by all women. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: With valid measurement tools, women's varying orgasm experiences can be investigated more systematically and compared to address gaps and conflicts in the existing literature. Ultimately, these additions may assist with improved interventions for women who are unsatisfied with their orgasm experiences. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: Strengths include gaining the ability to compare age and menopausal status groups using empirically validated measures of orgasm experience. Limitations include cross-sectional design and lack of test-retest reliability measurement. CONCLUSION: The ORS and BSOS are supported for use with women across adulthood in solitary and partnered orgasm contexts and can be used concurrently to provide a comprehensive assessment. Webb AE, Reissing ED, Huta V. Orgasm Rating Scale and Bodily Sensations of Orgasm Scale: Validation for Use With Pre, Peri, and Post-Menopausal Women. J Sex Med 2022;19:1156-1172.

Physical Activity, Well-Being, and the Basic Psychological Needs: Adopting the SDT Model of Eudaimonia in a Post-Cardiac Rehabilitation Sample.

BACKGROUND: The theoretical conceptualisation of hedonic (HWB; pleasure) and eudaimonic (EWB; meaning) well-being has rarely been examined among cardiac rehabilitation (CR) graduates, including its relationship with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). First, this study examined the potential bidirectional relationship between MVPA and HWB/EWB. Second, this study tested the self-determination theory (SDT) model of eudaimonia where MVPA was set to predict the model's pathway between eudaimonic motives (seeking meaning), the basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), and both types of well-being. METHODS: Individuals who completed a CR program within the last five years (N = 57) answered well-being and basic psychological needs questionnaires and wore an accelerometer to measure MVPA at baseline and three months later. RESULTS: MVPA predicted changes in both HWB (ß = .13) and EWB (ß = .13) three months later. Only the EWB-MVPA relationship (ß = .16) approached significance, hinting at a bidirectional relationship. The SDT model of eudaimonia was supported and MVPA had a moderate to small relationship with eudaimonic motives. CONCLUSION: This study showed a potential bidirectional relationship between MVPA and EWB and tested the SDT model of eudaimonia with MVPA in post-cardiac rehabilitation. Future interventions could look to simultaneously promote eudaimonia and MVPA among this population.

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related stigma on HPV vaccine decision-making among college males.

OBJECTIVE: The goals of the present study are (1) to identify sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related stigma and (2) to examine the relationship between HPV-related stigma in predicting HPV vaccine decision-making among college males. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred and eighty college males aged 18-26 from 3 Canadian universities were recruited from September 2013 to April 2014. METHODS: Participants completed a self-report survey assessing HPV-related stigma, psychosocial predictors of HPV-related stigma, and HPV vaccine decision-making. The results were analyzed using variance analyses and linear regressions. RESULTS: Ethnicity, province of residence, and perceived severity of HPV were found to significantly influence HPV-related stigma. In addition, HPV-related stigma was higher in those unaware of the availability of the HPV vaccine for males. CONCLUSIONS: Promotion efforts should concentrate on Asian minorities and should avoid HPV severity messaging, as these may lead to higher HPV-related stigma, which in turn may act as a barrier to vaccination.

In utero programming alters adult response to chronic mild stress: part 3 of a longitudinal study.

Exposure to stress before birth may lay the foundation for the development of sensitivities or protection from psychiatric disorders while later stress exposure may trigger either their expression or suppression. This report, part three of a longitudinal study conducted in our laboratory, aimed to examine the interaction between early and adult stress and their effects on measures of anxiety and depression. In parts one and two, we reported the effects of gestational stress (GS) in Long Evans rat dams and their juvenile and young adult offspring. In this third and final installment, we evaluated the effects of GS and chronic mild stress (CMS) in the adult female offspring at 6 month and 12 month time-points. The two by two design included a combination of GS and CMS and the appropriate control groups. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, main effects of GS on corticosterone level at the 12 month time-point was found while main effects of CMS were seen in body weight, sucrose preference, and corticosterone, and significant interactions between group at the 6 and 12 month time-points. The GS group had the lowest sucrose preference during CMS at 6 months supporting a cumulative effect of early and later life stress. The GS/CMS group showed lower corticosterone at 12 months than the GS/noCMS group indicating a possible mismatch between prenatal programming and later life stress. These results highlight the importance of early life factors in exerting potentially protective effects in models involving later life stress.

Measuring hedonia and eudaimonia as motives for activities: cross-national investigation through traditional and Bayesian structural equation modeling.

Two major goals of this paper were, first to examine the cross-cultural consistency of the factor structure of the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities (HEMA) scale, and second to illustrate the advantages of using Bayesian estimation for such an examination. Bayesian estimation allows for more flexibility in model specification by making it possible to replace exact zero constraints (e.g., no cross-loadings) with approximate zero constraints (e.g., small cross-loadings). The stability of the constructs measured by the HEMA scale was tested across two national samples (Polish and North American) using both traditional and Bayesian estimation. First, a three-factor model (with hedonic pleasure, hedonic comfort and eudaimonic factors) was confirmed in both samples. Second, a model representing the metric invariance was tested. A traditional approach with maximum likelihood estimation reported a misfit of the model, leading to the acceptance of only a partial metric invariance structure. Bayesian estimation-that allowed for small and sample specific cross-loadings-endorsed the metric invariance model. The scalar invariance was not supported, therefore the comparison between latent factor means was not possible. Both traditional and Bayesian procedures revealed a similar latent factor correlation pattern within each of the national groups. The results suggest that the connection between hedonic and eudaimonic motives depends on which of the two hedonic dimensions is considered. In both groups the association between the eudaimonic factor and the hedonic comfort factor was weaker than the correlation between the hedonic pleasure factor and the eudaimonic factor. In summary, this paper explained the cross-national stability of the three-factor structure of the HEMA scale. In addition, it showed that the Bayesian approach is more informative than the traditional one, because it allows for more flexibility in model specification.

The roles of self-efficacy and motivation in the prediction of short- and long-term adherence to exercise among patients with coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: Poor adherence to regular exercise is a documented challenge among people with heart disease. Identifying key determinants of exercise adherence and distinguishing between the processes driving short- and long-term adherence to regular exercise is a valuable endeavor. The purpose of the present study was to test a model of exercise behavior change, which incorporates motivational orientations and self-efficacy for exercise behavior, in the prediction of short- and long-term exercise adherence. METHOD: Male and female patients (N = 801) hospitalized for coronary heart disease were recruited from 3 tertiary care cardiac centers and followed for a period of 1 year after hospital discharge. A prospective, longitudinal design was used to examine the roles of motivation and self-efficacy (measured at recruitment and at 2 and 6 months after discharge) in the prediction of exercise behavior at 6 and 12 months. Baseline measures of exercise and clinical and demographic covariates were included in the analyses. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling showed that both autonomous motivation and self-efficacy were important determinants of short-term (6-month) exercise behavior regulation, but that only autonomous motivation remained a significant predictor of long-term (12-month) exercise behavior. Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between motivation for exercise and 6-month exercise behavior. CONCLUSIONS: This research confirmed the roles of autonomous motivation and self-efficacy in the health behavior change process and emphasized the key function of autonomous motivation in exercise maintenance. Theoretical and cardiac rehabilitation program applications of this research are discussed.

Mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy versus traditional cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial.

UNLABELLED: Recent research has supported the use of mindfulness and acceptance-based interventions for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to compare mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy (MAGT) with cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) with respect to outcome. It was hypothesized that MAGT and CBGT would both be superior to a control group but not significantly different from one another. METHOD: Individuals (N = 137, mean age = 34 years, 54% female, 62% White, 20% Asian) diagnosed with SAD were randomly assigned to MAGT (n = 53), CBGT (n = 53) or a waitlist control group (n = 31). The primary outcome was social anxiety symptom severity assessed at baseline, treatment midpoint, treatment completion, and 3-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were cognitive reappraisal, mindfulness, acceptance, and rumination. Depression, valued living, and group cohesion were also assessed. RESULTS: As hypothesized, MAGT and CBGT were both more effective than the control group but not significantly different from one another on social anxiety reduction and most other variables assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The present research provides additional support for the use of mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments for SAD, and future research should examine the processes by which these treatments lead to change.

Examination of the trait facets of the five-factor model in discriminating specific mood and anxiety disorders.

Structural models of the mood and anxiety disorders postulate that each disorder has a shared component that can account for comorbidity and its own unique component that distinguishes it from others. The principal aim of the current study was to determine the extent to which the 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM), as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), contribute to the identification of the unique component in mood and anxiety disorders in treatment-seeking clinical samples. Participants (N=610) were psychiatric outpatients with principal DSM-IV diagnoses (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized social phobia (GSP), panic disorder with/without agoraphobia (PD; PD/A) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results suggest that approximately half of the variance in differences between these diagnoses is associated with specific characteristics represented by the FFM facets. Unique personality profiles for the MDD, GSP, PTSD and, to a lesser extent, OCD groups emerged. Broad traits of the FFM, when broken into more narrow components at the facet level, contribute significantly to the identification of unique aspects associated with specific mood and anxiety disorders. The integration of lower and higher levels of structural examination of the mood and anxiety disorders is discussed.

Effects of gestational stress: 2. Evaluation of male and female adult offspring.

Physical restraint applied during gestation is a commonly employed animal model of human pregnancy stress. The consequences of such a paradigm have been extensively investigated in adult male rats using a variety of physiological and behavioral measures. The behavioral repertoire of female offspring, however, has been largely ignored. The current study examines adult offspring-male and female Long Evans rats (55-90 days of age) and is a follow-up report to the consequences of maternal restraint (gestation days 10 through 19) in mother rats and their juvenile offspring. Physiological measures included weight and estrous cycle regularity. Elevated plus maze and emergence tests were used to measure anxiety, and the T-maze test, cognition. Data were analyzed via hierarchical linear modeling to account for the nesting of offspring within litters. Compared to same-sex controls, males from stressed mothers displayed a progressive attenuated weight gain over experimental weeks while females from stressed mothers maintained a stable, lower weight throughout. Twenty-five percent of females in the stressed group and none in the control group displayed irregular cycles in the first week of testing; on subsequent weeks, this group discrepancy ranged from 1% to 11%. Subtle effects were observed in anxiety measures: an interaction between sex and stress group in the analysis of head dip behavior in the elevated plus maze and decreased emergence latencies in stress groups. Results demonstrate the importance of examining the effects of maternal stress in offspring of both sexes at various developmental stages.

Initial Investigation of the relation between extended computer use and temporomandibular joint disorders.

AIM: To determine if temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are associated with extended computer use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: People with chronic pain and extensive computer use were recruited by means of a newspaper advertisement. Those who responded to the ad were asked to complete an online survey, which included questions on computer use, medical history, pain symptoms, lifestyle and mood. RESULTS: Ninety-two people completed the online survey, but none of them responded to all questions in the survey. Of the 88 respondents who reported their sex, 49 (56%) were female. Most of the respondents had used computers for more than 5 hours per day for more than 5 years, and most believed that their pain was linked to computer use. The great majority had pain in the neck (73/89 [82%]) or shoulder (67/89 [75%]), but many (40/91 [44%]) also had symptoms of TMD. About half of the participants reported poor sleep and fatigue, and many linked their pain to negative effects on lifestyle and poor quality of life. Two multiple regressions, with duration of pain as the dependent variable, were carried out, one using the entire sample of respondents who had completed the necessary sections of the survey (n = 91) and the other using the subset of people with symptoms suggestive of TMD (n = 40). Duration of computer use was associated with duration of pain in both analyses, but 6 other independent variables (injury or arthritis, hours of daily computer use, stress, position of computer screen relative to the eyes, sex, and age) were without effect. In these regression analyses, the intercept was close to 0 years, which suggests that the pain began at about the same time as computer use. DISCUSSION: This web-based survey provides the first evidence that chronic pain in jaw muscles and other symptoms of TMD are associated with long-term, heavy use of computers. However, the great majority of people with these symptoms probably also suffer from pain in the shoulder and neck.