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1.
BMC Infect Dis ; 20(1): 485, 2020 Jul 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32641006

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bhutan is committed to eliminating hepatitis B and hepatitis C, though recent baseline estimates of disease burden in the general population are unknown. In 2017, we carried out a biomarker survey in the general population to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) biomarkers to evaluate the impact of immunization and guide further efforts. METHODS: In 2017, a cross-sectional, population-based, three-stage cluster survey was undertaken of the general population (1-17 and 20+ years of age). We visited households, collected blood specimens and administered a standard questionnaire. Specimens were collected for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) testing. We calculated prevalence of infection and selected characteristics, along with confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Of 1372 individuals approached, 1358 (99%) participated. Of those, 1321 (97%) had a specimen tested for HBsAg, and among 1173 enrolled individuals 5 years of age or older, 1150 (98%) individuals were tested for anti-HCV. The prevalence of HBsAg was 2.0% in 775 persons 20 years of age or older (95% CI: 1.0-4.0) and 0.5% in 546 persons 1-17 years of age (95% CI: 0.1-1.8). The prevalence of anti-HCV was 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1-0.8) among persons ≥5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Universal hepatitis B immunization of infants has resulted in a low prevalence of chronic HBV infection in persons 1-17 years of age and the prevalence of anti-HCV is low among persons aged ≥5 years. Efforts should continue to reach high coverage of the timely birth dose along with completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series. To reduce the chronic liver disease burden among adults, HBV and HCV testing and treatment as indicated might be restricted to pregnant women, blood donors, individuals with chronic liver diseases, and other groups with history of high-risk exposures.


Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/immunology , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Hepatitis B, Chronic/epidemiology , Hepatitis B, Chronic/prevention & control , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/prevention & control , Vaccination , Adolescent , Adult , Bhutan/epidemiology , Biomarkers/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Cluster Analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B, Chronic/blood , Hepatitis B, Chronic/transmission , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/transmission , Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood , Humans , Infant , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Male , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
2.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg ; 103(11): 1153-8, 2009 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19286238

ABSTRACT

To identify risk factors for scrub typhus in Darjeeling, India, we compared 62 scrub typhus cases (acute fever with eschar and specific IgM) with 62 neighbourhood controls. Cases were more likely to live close to bushes [matched odds ratio (MOR) 10; 95% CI 2.3-63] and wood piles (MOR 3.5; 95% CI 1.5-9.5), to work on farms (MOR 10; 95% CI 2.7-63), to observe rodents at home (MOR 3.6; 95% CI 1.4-11) and at work (MOR 9; 95% CI 2.4-57), and to rear domestic animals (MOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.7). Cases were less likely to wash after work (MOR 0.4; 95% CI 0.1-0.9) and change clothes to sleep (MOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.5). A cleaner, rodent-controlled environment may prevent exposure to scrub typhus. Personal protection measures and better hygiene could further reduce individual risk.


Subject(s)
Scrub Typhus/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Vectors , Female , Humans , Hygiene , India/epidemiology , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Residence Characteristics , Risk Factors , Scrub Typhus/blood , Scrub Typhus/epidemiology , Young Adult
3.
Int J Qual Health Care ; 16(4): 303-8, 2004 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15252004

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Unsafe delivery and overuse of injections can result in the spread of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. The aim of the present survey was to estimate the frequency of safe injection practices in Burkina Faso. METHOD: Using the new standardized World Health Organization tool to assess injection practices, we selected 80 primary health facilities with a two-stage cluster sampling method, collected information using structured observations and provider interviews, and analyzed the data using Epi-Info software. RESULTS: We observed 116 injections in 52 facilities. In 50 facilities [96%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 85-99%] injections were given with a new, single-use syringe and needle. In 29 facilities (56%; 95% CI 36-74%), staff recapped needles using two hands. All 80 facilities visited had a stock in the community to provide new, single-use syringes and needles. In 61% (95% CI 54-79%) of facilities, staff reported needlestick injuries in the last 12 months. Used needles were discarded in open containers in 66 facilities (83%; 95% CI 55-96%) and observed in the surroundings of 46 facilities (57%; 95% CI 32-80%). CONCLUSIONS: In 2000, most of the health facilities in Burkina Faso were using sterile injection equipment. However, practices were still observed that could expose patients, health care workers, and communities to risks, and that required specific interventions.


Subject(s)
Guideline Adherence , Infection Control/methods , Injections/standards , Virus Diseases/prevention & control , Burkina Faso , Humans , Infection Control/standards , Injections/adverse effects , Primary Health Care/methods , Primary Health Care/standards , Virus Diseases/transmission , World Health Organization
4.
Internet resource in English | LIS -Health Information Locator | ID: lis-4749

ABSTRACT

This article summarizes the key injection safety issues and announces the launch of the Safe Injection Global Network (SIGN). Document in pdf format; Acrobat Reader required.


Subject(s)
Injections/adverse effects , Communicable Disease Control
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