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CRISPR J ; 3(6): 550-561, 2020 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33346713

ABSTRACT

CRISPR-Cas systems have become ubiquitous for genome editing in eukaryotic as well as bacterial systems. Cas9 forms a complex with a guide RNA (gRNA) and searches DNA for a matching sequence (target site) next to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Once found, Cas9 cuts the DNA. Cas9 is revolutionary for the ability to change the RNA sequence and target a new site easily. However, while algorithms have been developed to predict gRNA-specific Cas9 activity, a fundamental biological understanding of gRNA-specific activity is lacking. The number of PAM sites in the genome is effectively a large pool of inhibitory substrates, competing with the target site for the Cas9/gRNA complex. We demonstrate that increasing the number of non-target sites for a given gRNA reduces on-target activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that the use of Cas9 mutants with increased PAM specificity toward a smaller subset of PAMs (or smaller pool of competitive substrates) improves cutting rates, while increased PAM promiscuity decreases cutting rates. Decreasing the potential search space by increasing PAM specificity provides a path toward improving on-target activity for slower high-fidelity Cas9 variants. Engineering improved PAM specificity to reduce the competitive search space offers an alternative strategy to engineer Cas9 variants with increased specificity and maintained on-target activity.


Subject(s)
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics , Computational Biology/methods , Gene Editing/methods , Artifacts , CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/genetics , CRISPR-Associated Proteins/genetics , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/physiology , DNA/genetics , Genome/genetics , Genomics/methods , Nucleotide Motifs/genetics , RNA, Guide, Kinetoplastida/genetics
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