ABSTRACT
This study investigates the role of physical mobility in street harassment by analyzing a stratified random sample of 334 cases posted to Hollaback!, an online community documenting experiences of street harassment. Findings suggest that harassers utilize means of transportation as weapons to inflict or threaten physical harm, to escape or preserve anonymity, and to pursue targets and as a hunting ground for potential targets. By identifying the mechanisms of street harassment, we theorize how harassers negotiate mobility-particular types of mobility, especially that which is enabled by public transportation and owner vehicles-to gain advantage over targets of harassment.
Subject(s)
Environment , Interpersonal Relations , Sexual Harassment/psychology , Adult , Chicago , Female , Humans , Internet , Male , New York City , Sexual Harassment/statistics & numerical data , Social Media/instrumentation , Social Media/trendsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This paper presents in vivo an in vitro studies demonstrating the induction of pigmentation in human skin by visible light which can be blocked by using formulation containing the correct amount of yellow iron oxide (YIO). METHODS: An in vitro absorption method was developed to determine the protection provided by a test formulation containing 4.5% YIO using an IPD UVA-VIS action spectrum. Following the development of the in vitro method and in vivo study with 10 normal healthy volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV to VI was conducted to verify if the predictive model. RESULTS: The in vitro model for visible light protection provided a protection factor of 2.5 using the in vitro absorption spectrum of 4.5% of YIO with a very similar result from the in vivo study with a protection factor of 3.0. Multiple daily exposures of visible light have shown increase in skin pigmentation and the application of YIO provide less development of pigmentation when compared to unprotected skin. CONCLUSION: In vitro testing of the absorbance of the pigmented formulation using a proposed action spectrum for immediate pigment darkening (IPD) response in the visible light range supports the in vivo protection observations for persistent pigment darkening (PPD) and can be used as predictor for skin pigmentation induced by visible light.
