ABSTRACT
Mechanistic and structural studies of membrane proteins require their stabilization in specific conformations. Single domain antibodies are potent reagents for this purpose, but their generation relies on immunizations, which impedes selections in the presence of ligands typically needed to populate defined conformational states. To overcome this key limitation, we developed an in vitro selection platform based on synthetic single domain antibodies named sybodies. To target the limited hydrophilic surfaces of membrane proteins, we designed three sybody libraries that exhibit different shapes and moderate hydrophobicity of the randomized surface. A robust binder selection cascade combining ribosome and phage display enabled the generation of conformation-selective, high affinity sybodies against an ABC transporter and two previously intractable human SLC transporters, GlyT1 and ENT1. The platform does not require access to animal facilities and builds exclusively on commercially available reagents, thus enabling every lab to rapidly generate binders against challenging membrane proteins.
Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/isolation & purification , Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/isolation & purification , Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/isolation & purification , Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology , Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Cell Surface Display Techniques , Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/chemistry , Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/immunology , Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1/metabolism , Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/chemistry , Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/immunology , Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Stability , Single-Domain Antibodies/geneticsABSTRACT
ABC exporters pump substrates across the membrane by coupling ATP-driven movements of nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) to the transmembrane domains (TMDs), which switch between inward- and outward-facing (IF, OF) orientations. DEER measurements on the heterodimeric ABC exporter TM287/288 from Thermotoga maritima, which contains a non-canonical ATP binding site, revealed that in the presence of nucleotides the transporter exists in an IF/OF equilibrium. While ATP binding was sufficient to partially populate the OF state, nucleotide trapping in the pre- or post-hydrolytic state was required for a pronounced conformational shift. At physiologically high temperatures and in the absence of nucleotides, the NBDs disengage asymmetrically while the conformation of the TMDs remains unchanged. Nucleotide binding at the degenerate ATP site prevents complete NBD separation, a molecular feature differentiating heterodimeric from homodimeric ABC exporters. Our data suggest hydrolysis-independent closure of the NBD dimer, which is further stabilized as the consensus site nucleotide is committed to hydrolysis.
