ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe recent trends in the proportion of deliveries in women with pregestational diabetes (PGD), their use of services, and diabetes-related obstetrical complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this population-based retrospective cohort study, comprehensive administrative data were used to identify all women (with and without PGD) who gave birth in an Ontario, Canada, hospital from 1996 to 2001. Data on maternal complications and interventions were obtained from hospital discharge records; data on use of prenatal services were obtained from fee-for-service claims. RESULTS: The proportion of deliveries in women with PGD increased steadily from 0.8% in 1996 to 1.2% in 2001 (P < 0.001). In 2001, women with PGD were more likely to be diagnosed with shoulder dystocia (adjusted odds ratio 2.00 [95% CI 1.55-2.58]), hypertension (4.13 [3.44-4.96]), and preeclampsia/eclampsia (4.44 [3.43-5.73]) and have higher rates of inductions (1.69 [1.52-1.88]) and caesarean sections (1.78 [1.60-1.98]) than women without PGD. In 2001, 50% of the women with PGD had a visit to a diabetes specialist during pregnancy and only 30% of women had claims for a prenatal retinal examination. Both of these rates have decreased over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Women with PGD now account for a larger proportion of deliveries. These women continue to have higher obstetrical complication and intervention rates than women without PGD and many do not receive recommended specialty care during pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Delivery, Obstetric/trends , Diabetes, Gestational , Dystocia/epidemiology , Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/epidemiology , Prenatal Care/trends , Adult , Cohort Studies , Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Diabetes, Gestational/therapy , Female , Humans , Labor, Obstetric , Logistic Models , Ontario/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, High-Risk , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The prognosis of women with early-stage breast cancer is influenced by insulin and body mass index (BMI). High levels of serum insulin and obesity often coexist with dyslipidemia in the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), but the contribution of lipids to breast cancer outcome is unclear. Here, we examine whether serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) influence breast cancer outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 520 women without known hyperlipidemia or diabetes, with stage T1-T3, N0-N1, M0 breast cancer, was assembled from July 1989 to June 1996. Fasting blood was collected at baseline. Subjects were followed prospectively, for recurrence (local, regional, distant) and death. Cox models were used to calculate the prognostic effect of TC and TG levels. Two-sided significance levels were set at 0.025. RESULTS: TC was correlated with age (Spearman's r = 0.44) and low tumor grade (p = 0.01), while TG was correlated with insulin (r = 0.43) and BMI (r = 0.45). At a median follow-up of 8.7 years, TC and TG were not associated with breast cancer recurrence or death before of after adjustment for age, tumor-related variables, BMI or fasting insulin levels. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, tumor-related variables and BMI, a trend towards an adverse effect of TC on disease recurrence was seen (HR recurrence = 1.62 for the 4th versus. 1st quartile, 2-sided p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting TG was not associated with outcome. A trend towards risk of recurrence was seen with higher TC in multivariate analysis. This potential association should be explored in future studies.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/blood , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Lipids/blood , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Body Mass Index , Breast Neoplasms/etiology , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cohort Studies , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neoplasm Staging , Ontario/epidemiology , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether the incidence of type 2 diabetes differed among elderly users of four major antihypertensive drug classes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of previously untreated elderly patients (aged > or = 66 years) identified as new users of an antihypertensive drug class between April 1995 and March 2000. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, the primary analysis compared diabetes incidence in users of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs), with thiazide diuretics allowed as second-line therapy. In the secondary analysis, thiazide diuretics were added as a fourth study group. RESULTS: In the multivariable-adjusted primary analysis (n = 76,176), neither ACE inhibitor use (hazard ratio 0.96 [95% CI 0.84-1.1]) nor beta-blocker use (0.86 [0.74-1.0]) was associated with a statistically significant difference in type 2 diabetes incidence compared with the CCB control group. In the secondary analysis (n = 100,653), compared with CCB users, type 2 diabetes incidence was not significantly different between users of ACE inhibitors (0.97 [0.83-1.1]), beta-blockers (0.84 [0.7-1.0]), or thiazide diuretics (1.0 [0.89-1.2]). CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetes incidence did not significantly differ among users of the major antihypertensive drug classes in this elderly, population-based administrative cohort. These results do not support the theory that different antihypertensive drug classes are relatively more or less likely to cause diabetes.
