Warm water vapour in the sooty outflow from a luminous carbon star.

The detection of circumstellar water vapour around the ageing carbon star IRC +10216 challenged the current understanding of chemistry in old stars, because water was predicted to be almost absent in carbon-rich stars. Several explanations for the water were postulated, including the vaporization of icy bodies (comets or dwarf planets) in orbit around the star, grain surface reactions, and photochemistry in the outer circumstellar envelope. With a single water line detected so far from this one carbon-rich evolved star, it is difficult to discriminate between the different mechanisms proposed. Here we report the detection of dozens of water vapour lines in the far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectrum of IRC +10216 using the Herschel satellite. This includes some high-excitation lines with energies corresponding to approximately 1,000 K, which can be explained only if water is present in the warm inner sooty region of the envelope. A plausible explanation for the warm water appears to be the penetration of ultraviolet photons deep into a clumpy circumstellar envelope. This mechanism also triggers the formation of other molecules, such as ammonia, whose observed abundances are much higher than hitherto predicted.

In vitro evidence that LHRH stimulates the recruitment of prolactin mRNA-expressing cells during the postnatal period in the rat.

We have studied the effect of LHRH and neuropeptide Y (NPY) on prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels in pituitary reaggregate cell cultures from 14-day-old female rats, by means of in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis. As estimated by computer-image analysis, addition of LHRH on day 5 in culture for 40 h resulted in a 37% increase in the total cytoplasmic areas of cells containing PRL mRNA, visualized using a digoxigenin-labelled PRL cRNA. The size of individual PRL-expressing cells was not influenced, nor was the content of PRL mRNA per cell. A similar effect of LHRH was found by dot blot hybridization of extracted RNA. PRL mRNA levels were not affected by NPY. LHRH induced a 29% increase in the number of PRL mRNA-expressing cells processing through the S phase of the cell cycle, visualized by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]T) into DNA over 16 h. The fraction of [3H]T-labelled cells was 10-12% of the total cell population. NPY did not influence the number of [3H]T-positive cells expressing PRL mRNA, but completely blocked the effect of LHRH on the latter population. The present data suggest that LHRH, probably via a paracrine action of gonadotrophs, stimulates the recruitment of new lactotrophs, an action which is negatively modulated by NPY. Since the magnitude of this effect was the same in the total pituitary cell population as in cells processing through the S phase of the cell cycle and presumably mitosis, recruitment of lactotrophs seems to be based on differentiation of progenitor or immature cells into PRL-expressing cells, rather than on a mitogenic action on pre-existing lactotrophs alone.

Nucleotide sequence of the ARG3 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Comparison with other carbamoyltransferases.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the ARG3 structural gene encoding the monomer of the trimeric ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTCase) (EC 2.1.3.3) has been determined. It consists of 338 codons with a corresponding molecular mass of 37842 Da. Comparing OTCases from Escherichia coli, yeast, Aspergillus, rat and man emphasizes peculiarities of the yeast enzyme but also brings to light an important degree of conservation between these proteins. Comparing the various OTCases with E. coli aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase) (EC 2.1.3.2) confirms the evolutionary relationship previously noted between the two types of carbamoyltransferases and points to residues probably involved in catalysis and structural folding in OTCases.

General amino acid control and specific arginine repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: physical study of the bifunctional regulatory region of the ARG3 gene.

To characterize further the regulatory mechanism modulating the expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARG3 gene, i.e., the specific repression by arginine and the general amino acid control, we analyzed by deletion the region upstream of that gene, determined the nucleotide sequence of operator-constitutive-like mutations affecting the specific regulation, and examined the behavior of an ARG3-galK fusion engineered at the initiating codon of ARG3. Similarly to what was observed in previous studies on the HIS3 and HIS4 genes, our data show that the general regulation acts as a positive control and that a sequence containing the nucleotide TGACTC, between positions -364 and -282 upstream of the transcription start, functions as a regulatory target site. This sequence contains the most proximal of the two TGACTC boxes identified in front of ARG3. While the general control appears to modulate transcription efficiency, the specific repression by arginine displays a posttranscriptional component (F. Messenguy and E. Dubois, Mol. Gen. Genet. 189:148-156, 1983). Our deletion and gene fusion analyses confirm that the specific and general controls operate independently of each other and assign the site responsible for arginine-specific repression to between positions -170 and +22. In keeping with this assignment, the two operator-constitutive-like mutations were localized at positions -80 and -46, respectively, and thus in a region which is not transcribed. We discuss a hypothesis accounting for the involvement of untranscribed DNA in a posttranscriptional control.

The promoter region of the arg3 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nucleotide sequence and regulation in an arg3-lacZ gene fusion.

We have determined the DNA sequence for the 5' end of the arg3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including part of the coding region and the 200 nucleotides immediately upstream. A promoter-deletion mutant was found to have lost all of the sequence lying normally in front of the gene except for the 33 nucleotides preceding the AUG codon. The role of the 5' domain in initiation and regulation of arg3 transcription was assessed by a gene fusion experiment. The Escherichia coli lacZ gene, was truncated of the eight amino-terminal codons substituted in vitro, on a 2mu plasmid, for the carboxy-terminal and 3'-flanking regions of arg3, leaving only the first 19 proximal codons and approximately 1600 nucleotides of the region preceding arg3 on the yeast chromosome. The fused gene was expressed in phase and was still submitted to the two mechanisms regulating the wild-type arg3 gene: the general, probably transcriptional control of amino acid biosynthesis and the specific, apparently post-transcriptional control mediated by the products of the argR genes. These results suggest a determining role for the 5' end portion of the arg3 messenger in the specific arginine-mediated control mechanism.

Viscoelastic properties of bladder wall strips at constant elongation.

The experimental and data processing methods used were improved in several respects compared with those described in previous publications. One hundred twenty-two stress decrease curves for bladder wall strips were measured at constant elongation; reproducibility was tested. Consideration of the results led to the addition of two elements (a dashpot and an active element) to our model of the process involved. The influence of the dashpot on the measurements is mathematically analyzed in terms of an increase in rest length during stretch. The model could be successfully fitted to the experimental data and the parameters turned out to be in the physiologic range. Some recent models used to describe muscular stress relaxation were tested and criticized.