ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) is expected to provide additional diagnostic information in allergic patients. PROTIA™ Allergy-Q 64 Atopy®, a recently developed CRD-based multiplex specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) assay, can quantitatively measure sIgE to major allergen components. METHODS: The sIgE detection by PROTIA™ Allergy-Q 64 Atopy® and ImmunoCAP® assays was compared using the sera of 125 Korean allergic patients. Group 1 and 2 allergens of house dust mites (HDMs; Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) 1 and Der f 2 in PROTIA™ Allergy-Q 64 Atopy®, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) 1 and Der p 2 in ImmunoCAP®), Bet v 1, Fel d 1, Que a 1, ω-5 gliadin, α-lactalbumin, ß-lactoglobulin, casein and α-Gal were measured by both assays. RESULTS: Comparing the results from the 2 assays, the agreement rate for all the 10 allergens was > 88% (group 1 HDM allergen, 100%; group 2 HDM allergen, 94.6%; Bet v 1, 97.4%; Fel d 1, 90.5%; Que a 1, 89.2%; α-lactalbumin, 96%; ß-lactoglobulin, 88%; casein, 88%; ω-5 gliadin, 96%; α-Gal, 100%). Correlation analysis indicated that, all the 10 allergen sIgEs showed more than moderate positive correlation (Pearson correlation coefficients > 0.640). Additionally, intra-class comparison showed more than high correlation for all the 10 allergens (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients > 0.743). CONCLUSIONS: PROTIA™ Allergy-Q 64 Atopy® is reliable and comparable to the ImmunoCAP® assay for component-resolved diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
KEY MESSAGE: The Arabidopsis U-box E3 Ub ligase AtPUB30 participates in the salt stress tolerance as a negative factor in an ABA-independent manner during germination. Based on the in silico expression data, the U-box protein 30 (AtPUB30) from Arabidopsis thaliana was identified as a gene that responds to salt stress. The deduced AtPUB30 protein consists of 448 amino acids with a single U-box motif and five ARM-repeat domains. An in vitro self-ubiquitination assay demonstrated that bacterially expressed AtPUB30 exhibited E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity and that the U-box domain was essential for the activity. Real-time qRT-PCR and promoter-GUS analyses showed that AtPUB30 was induced by high salinity, but not by drought, cold, or abscisic acid (ABA), in roots but not in shoots. These results suggest that AtPUB30 is an Arabidopsis U-box E3 Ub ligase, the expression of which is selectively enhanced by salt stress in roots. T-DNA-inserted loss-of-function atpub30 mutant plants (atpub30-1 and atpub30-2) were more tolerant to salt stress in the germination stage, as identified by radicle emergence, cotyledon opening, and more vigorous early root growth relative to wild-type plants. Thus, it is likely that AtPUB30 plays a negative role in high salinity tolerance in the germination process. Wild type and mutant plants displayed very similar germination rates when treated with ABA, suggesting that the action of AtPUB30 in the germination stage is ABA independent. The post-germination growth of NaCl-stressed wild type and mutant plants were indistinguishable. Overall, our data suggest that the Arabidopsis U-box E3 Ub ligase AtPUB30 participates in the salt stress tolerance as a negative factor in the germination stage in root tissues.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Arabidopsis/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Sodium Chloride/pharmacology , Amino Acid Sequence , Arabidopsis/drug effects , Arabidopsis/genetics , Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression , Gene Knockout Techniques , Genes, Reporter , Germination , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Insertional , Phenotype , Phylogeny , Plant Roots/drug effects , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Roots/physiology , Plants, Genetically Modified , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , Salt Tolerance , Sequence Alignment , Stress, Physiological , Suppression, Genetic , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolismABSTRACT
AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 are homologous U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). AtPUB19 is a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated drought responses, whereas the role of AtPUB18 in drought responses is unknown. Here, loss-of-function and overexpression tests identified AtPUB18 as a negative regulator in ABA-mediated stomatal closure and water stress responses. The atpub18-2atpub19-3 double mutant line displayed more sensitivity to ABA and enhanced drought tolerance than each single mutant plant; therefore, AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 are agonistic. Stomatal closure of the atpub18-2atpub19-3 mutant was hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) but not to calcium, suggesting that AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 exert negative effects on the ABA signaling pathway downstream of H(2)O(2) and upstream of calcium. AtPUB22 and AtPUB23 are other U-box E3 negative regulators of drought responses. Although atpub22atpub23 was more tolerant to drought stress relative to wild-type plants, its ABA-mediated stomatal movements were highly similar to those of wild-type plants. The atpub18-2atpub19-3atpub22atpub23 quadruple mutant exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought stress as compared with each atpub18-2atpub19-3 and atpub22atpub23 double mutant progeny; however, its stomatal behavior was almost identical to the atpub18-2atpub19-3 double mutant in the presence of ABA, H(2)O(2), and calcium. Overexpression of AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 in atpub22atpub23 effectively hindered ABA-dependent stomatal closure, but overexpression of AtPUB22 and AtPUB23 in atpub18-2atpub19-3 did not inhibit ABA-enhanced stomatal closure, highlighting their ABA-independent roles. Overall, these results suggest that AtPUB18 has a linked function with AtPUB19, but is independent from AtPUB22 and AtPUB23, in negative regulation of ABA-mediated drought stress responses.
