ABSTRACT
AIMS: To determine whether cyanidin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (C3G) fraction from mulberry fruit pigment has protective effects against bladder dysfunction on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 12 in each): normal, diabetes (DM), and DM treated with C3G fraction (DM + C3G). The DM and DM + C3G groups received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Four weeks after the induction of diabetes, the DM + C3G group was treated with daily oral C3G (10 mg/kg) dissolved in water, for 8 weeks. After 12 weeks of streptozotocin injections, rats in each group underwent cystometrography and bladders were used for evaluation of apoptosis and oxidative stress. RESULTS: The DM group showed a markedly lower maximal intravesical pressure than that observed in the control group, whereas rats in the DM + C3G group showed improved maximum intravesical pressure associated with minimization of apoptosis, and increased levels of Akt and Bad phosphorylation, implying inhibition of pro-apoptotic stimuli. The level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly greater in the DM group compared to the control group and it was significantly reduced in the C3G treated group. Immunoblotting revealed a significant decrease in the levels of the superoxide dismutase protein and nerve growth factor in the DM group compared with the control group; however, these proteins were upregulated in the DM + C3G group compared with the DM group. CONCLUSIONS: The study is the first to suggest that C3G fraction have a potency to protect the bladder under conditions of diabetes-induced oxidative stress.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Morus , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Urinary Bladder/drug effects , 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine , Animals , Anthocyanins/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Apoptosis/drug effects , Deoxyguanosine/analogs & derivatives , Deoxyguanosine/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Fruit , Male , Morus/chemistry , Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal , Pressure , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Streptozocin , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Time Factors , Urinary Bladder/metabolism , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Urinary Bladder/physiopathology , Urodynamics/drug effects , bcl-Associated Death Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
Multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) is a gene that expresses P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug transporter protein. Genetic polymorphisms of MDR1 can be associated with Sasang constitutions because Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) prescribes different drugs according to different constitutions. A Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCC II) was used to diagnose Sasang constitutions. Two hundred and seven healthy people whose Sasang constitutions had been identified were tested. Genotype analyses, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and pyrosequencing were used in MDR1 C1236T, and in MDR1 G2677T/A and C3435T, respectively. Significant differences in MDR1 C1236T genotypes were found between So-yangin and So-eumin. MDR1 G2677T/A genotype also showed significant differences in allele distribution between So-yangin and Tae-eumin. So-yangin and So-eumin showed significant differences in the distribution of both 1236C-2677G-3435C and 1236T-2677G-3435T, haplotypes of MDR1. The genetic polymorphism of the MDR1 gene was thus shown to be an indicator that could distinguish So-yangin from other constitutions.
