ABSTRACT
For control of influenza, firstly it is important to find the real virus transmission media. Atmospheric aerosol particles are presumably one of the media. In this study, three typical atmospheric inhaled particles in Shanghai were studied by the synchrotron based transmission X-ray microscopes (TXM). Three dimensional microstructure of the particles reveals that there are many pores contained in, particularly the coal combustion fly particles which may be possible virus carrier. The particles can transport over long distance and cause long-range infections due to its light weight. We suggest a mode which is droplet combining with aerosol mode. By this mode the transmission of global and pandemic influenzas and infection between inland avian far from population and poultry or human living in cities along coast may be explained.
ABSTRACT
In order to reveal the biocompatibility of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and bipolar surfactant tetramethylammonium 11-aminoundecanoate cytotoxicity tests were performed as a function of concentration from low (0.1 microg ml(-1)) to higher concentration (100 microg ml(-1)) using various human glia, human breast cancer and normal cell lines. Cytotoxicity tests for human glia (D54MG, G9T, SF126, U87, U251, U373), human breast cancer (MB157, SKBR3, T47D) and normal (H184B5F5/M10, WI-38, SVGp12) cell lines exhibited almost nontoxicity and reveal biocompatibility of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles in the concentration range of 0.1-10 microg ml(-1), while accountable cytotoxicity can be seen at 100 microg ml(-1). The results of our studies suggest that Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles coated with bipolar surfactant tetramethylammonium 11-aminoundecanoate are biocompatible and promising for bio-applications such as drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic hyperthermia.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast/drug effects , Ferric Compounds/pharmacology , Materials Testing/methods , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Neuroglia/drug effects , Amino Acids/pharmacology , Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Breast/cytology , Breast/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Female , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Humans , Microscopy , Neuroglia/cytology , Neuroglia/metabolism , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology , Surface-Active Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The atomic scale oxidation of the alpha-SiC(0001)-(3 x 3) surface is investigated by atom-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, core level synchrotron radiation based photoemission spectroscopy, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The results reveal that the initial oxidation takes place through the relaxation of lower layers, away from the surface dangling bond, in sharp contrast to silicon oxidation.
ABSTRACT
The effects of long-range and short-range orders of Ti underlayer thickness on the magnetic properties of sputtered Co72 Cr21 Pt7 films were investigated using synchrotron X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. The results were consistent with that of magnetic measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For thin Ti underlayers (10 nm), the oxidation of Ti and significant mixing of other elements within this underlayer did not promote texture development, further resulting in poor texturing of magnetic films and undesirable magnetic properties. Increased crystallinity and texture of metallic Ti in thicker underlayers enhanced the magnetic peak alignment and its properties.