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1.
Int J Health Econ Manag ; 22(2): 181-203, 2022 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34755200

ABSTRACT

We study how the duration of being overweight earlier in life is related to subsequent long-term labor market outcomes. Our data on fraternal and identical twins born and raised in the same household contain weight measurements of the twins during their early adulthood measured in 1975, 1981, and 1990 and is linked to register-based administrative data on the earnings and employment from 1990 to 2009. When combined, these data enable an empirical strategy that controls for the family environment and genes shared by twins. We find that being persistently overweight during early adulthood is negatively associated with long-term earnings for both women and men. We find that for women, the association is driven by a decrease in labor market-attachment, whereas for men, the association is driven by lower annual earnings.


Subject(s)
Income , Overweight , Adult , Employment , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , Male , Overweight/epidemiology
2.
Soc Sci Med ; 207: 55-63, 2018 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29730550

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the links between risky health behaviors and labor market success. We provide new evidence on the joint relationships between the most prominent forms of risky health behavior - alcohol consumption, smoking and physical inactivity - and long-term labor market outcomes. We use twin data for Finnish men and women linked to register-based individual information on earnings and labor market attachment. The twin data allow us to account for shared family and environmental factors and to measure risky health behaviors in 1975 and 1981. The long-term labor market outcomes were measured in adulthood as an average over the period 1990-2009. The sample sizes are 2156 and 2498 twins, for men and women, respectively. We find that being both a smoker and a heavy drinker in early adulthood is negatively related to long-term earnings and employment later in life, especially for men. We conclude that how and why risky health behaviors cluster and how that affects individual level outcomes call for more attention.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Health Risk Behaviors , Income/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/psychology , Adult , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Female , Finland/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Registries , Sedentary Behavior , Smoking/epidemiology , Twins/psychology , Twins/statistics & numerical data
3.
Health Econ ; 26(3): 275-291, 2017 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26634338

ABSTRACT

This paper examines whether alcohol consumption is related to long-term labor market outcomes. We use twin data for Finnish men and women matched to register-based individual information on employment and earnings. The twin data allow us to account for the shared environmental and genetic factors. The quantity of alcohol consumption was measured by weekly average consumption using self-reported data from three surveys (1975, 1981 and 1990). The average of an individual's employment months and earnings were measured in adulthood over the period 1990-2009. The models that account for the shared environmental and genetic factors reveal that former drinkers and heavy drinkers both have almost 20% lower earnings compared with moderate drinkers. On average, former drinkers work annually approx. 1 month less over the 20-year observation period. These associations are robust to the use of covariates, such as education, pre-existing health endowment and smoking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Income/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Female , Finland , Humans , Male , Self Report , Smoking , Surveys and Questionnaires
4.
Prev Med ; 86: 130-5, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26968779

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether alcohol consumption in adulthood is related to the incidence of receiving a disability pension later in life. METHODS: Twin data for Finnish men and women born before 1958 were matched to register-based individual information on disability pensions. Twin differences were used to eliminate both shared environmental and genetic factors. The quantity of alcohol consumption was measured as the weekly average consumption using self-reported data from three surveys (1975, 1981 and 1990). The disability pension data were evaluated from 1990-2004. RESULTS: The models that account for shared environmental and genetic factors reveal that heavy drinkers are significantly more likely to receive a disability pension than moderate drinkers or constant abstainers. Heavy drinking that leads to passing out is also positively related to receiving a disability pension. The results were robust to the use of potential confounders that twins do not share, such as education years, the number of chronic diseases, physical activity at work and leisure, and stressful life events. CONCLUSION: Drinking profiles in early adulthood are an important predictor of receiving a disability pension later in life.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data , Pensions/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Alcoholism/complications , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Autoantigens , Disabled Persons/psychology , Female , Finland/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
5.
Tob Control ; 24(4): 348-53, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24570102

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effects of smoking on labour market outcomes using twin data matched to register-based individual information on earnings. METHOD: Twin data for Finnish men born 1945-1957 was used to remove the shared environmental and genetic factors. The results were subjected to extensive robustness testing. Lifetime cigarette consumption was measured by (cumulative) cigarette pack-years in early adulthood. The average of an individual's earnings (and, alternatively, taxable income) was measured over a subsequent 15-year period in later adulthood. RESULTS: Smokers have lower long-term income and earnings. For example, controlling for the shared environmental and genetic factors using the data on genetically identical twins, smoking is negatively associated with lifetime income (p=0.015). The negative association was also robust to the use of various covariates, such as education, health indicators and extraversion. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is negatively related to long-term labour market outcomes. The provision of information about the indirect monetary costs of smoking may thus complement the policy efforts that aim at educating consumers about the health costs of smoking.


Subject(s)
Income , Smoking/economics , Twins, Monozygotic/statistics & numerical data , Aged , Finland , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
6.
Soc Sci Med ; 96: 129-37, 2013 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24034960

ABSTRACT

Empirical evidence for the direct effects of physical activities on long-term labor market outcomes is limited. This state of affairs is surprising, because there is a growing amount of support on the positive effects of physical activities on health on the one hand and on the effects of good health on labor market outcomes on the other hand. We examine the long-term income effects of physical activity using a large sample (N = 5042) of male twins from Finland (Older Finnish Twin Cohort Study, 1975, 1981, 1990), matched to detailed register-based income data (Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data, 1990-2004). Our primary income measure is calculated over a fifteen-year period and it covers the prime working age of the twins that we study. We use the twin dimension of the data to control for unobservable genetic and family confounding factors. Our within-twin estimates show that being physically active has a positive impact on the long-term income. We argue that our results are not easily reconciled with the intuitive explanation of physical activity enhancing long-term income via health or more intense labor market attachment. We reason that instead, there may be various non-cognitive mechanisms at work: Physical activity can, for example, make people more persistent in the face of work-related difficulties and increase their desire to partake in competitive situations, with greater expected pecuniary rewards.


Subject(s)
Income/statistics & numerical data , Motor Activity , Adult , Empirical Research , Finland , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Registries , Twins
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