[Genetic variability and the origin of house mouse from the territory of Russia and neighboring countries].

Genetic differentiation and gene geographic variation of house mouse from the territory of Russia and neighboring countries was examined based on the allozyme analysis of samples from natural, semisynanthropic, and obligate synanthropic populations. The results of analysis of genetic differentiation, performed using 22 interpreted loci, as well as the data on gene geographic variation of four allozyme markers (Idh-1, Sod-1, Aat-1, and hemoglobin) validated the hypothesis on rapid mice expansion from the south of Eastern Europe to the Pacific coast of Asia. It was demonstrated that moving eastwards led to the formation currently expanding zones of hybridization between the "northern" M. musculus group and the "Central Asian" M. wagneri group in Siberia, and with the M. castaneus group in the south of the Russian Far East. The allozyme data were compared with the data of molecular genetic and karyological analyses performed using the same experimental material. The phenomenon of hybrid zones of the house mouse from Eurasia is discussed.

[Genetic differentiation of subspecies of the house mouse Mus musculus and their taxonomic relationships inferred from RAPD-PCR data].

Genetic differentiation of six subspecies of the house mouse Mus musculus (Mus musculus musculus. M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus, M. m. gansuensis, M. m. wagneri, and M. m. ssp. (bactrianus?) was examined using RAPD-PCR analysis. In all, 373 loci of total length of about 530 kb were identified. Taxon-specific molecular markers were detected and the levels of genetic differences among the subspecies were estimated. Different degree of subspecific genetic differentiation was shown. The most similar subspecies pairs were M. m. castaneus--M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus--M. m. gansuensis. In our phylogenetic reconstruction, M. m. wagnery proved to be most different from all the other subspecies. Genetic distances between it and other subspecies were two- to threefold higher than those between the "good"' species of the subgenus Mus (e.g., between M. m. musculus and M. spicilegus, M. musculus and M. abbottii). The estimates of genetic similarity and the taxonomic relationships between six house mouse subspecies inferred from RAPD partially conformed to the results based on cytogenetic and allozyme data. However, they were considerably different from phylogenetic reconstructions based on sequencing of the control mtDNA region, which reflects mutual inconsistency of different systems of inheritance.

[Genetic diversity of the house mouse Mus musculus and geographic distribution of its subspecies-specific RAPD markers on the territory of Russia].

Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of taxon-specific RAPD markers was examined in ten local populations of the house mouse Mus musculus (n = 42). The house mice were generally characterized by moderate genetic variation: polymorphism P99 = 60%, P95 = 32.57%; heterozygosity H = 0.12; the observed allele number n(a) = 1.6; the effective allele number n(e) = 1.18; the within-population differentiation Theta = 0.388; and Shannon index I = 0.19. The degree of genetic isolation of individual local populations was greatly variable. The genetic subdivision index G(st) varied from 0.162 to 0.770 at the gene flow of Nm = 2.58-0.149, while the among-population distances D(N) varied from 0.026 to 0.178. of the largest part of the genetic diversity was found among the populations (H(T) = 0.125), while the within-population diversity was twice lower (H(S) = 0.06). The samples examined were well discriminated relative to the sets of RAPD markers. The character distribution pattern provided conditional subdivision of the mice into the "western" and the "eastern" groups with the putative boarder along the Baikal Lake. The first group was characterized by the prevalence of the markers typical of M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus. The second group was characterized by the prevalence of the markers typical of M. m. musculus, M. m. gansuensis, M. m. castaneus, M. m. domesticus, and m. m. wagneri. The genotype of the nominative subspecies M. m. musculus was background for all populations. In the populations examined some of earlier described subspecies-specific molecular markers were found at different frequencies, pointing to the involvement of several subspecies of M. musculus in the process of hybridization.

[Variability of chromosome 1 with HSR insertions in natural and synanthropous populations of house mouse Mus musculus L. 1758].

House mice carrying aberrant chromosome 1 with an insertion of homogeneously stained regions (HSR) have been studied. The mice were collected in the North Caucasus, Chita and Amur oblasts, Spitzbergen and Kunashir Islands, Altai krai, Khabarovsk krai, Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan. In these mice, the aberrant chromosomes were assigned to the "Asian" type, i.e. they carried two HSR insertions. The aberrant chromosome 1 in house mice from different geographic regions was shown to differ in size of HSR, staining intensity, and some other features of Q-H, C, and G-banding, which suggests independent origin of this aberration in house mouse populations from different taxa and regions. A novel variant of chromosome 1 in mice of the subspecies M. m. wagneri was found.

[Determination of nonmetabolized antipyrine in human urine]. / Metodika opredeleniia nemetabolizirovannogo antipirina v moche cheloveka.

A method for evaluating the renal clearance of antipyrine is proposed. The analyses were performed for a group of healthy females of reproductive age. The renal clearance of nontransformed antipyrine is found to be significant and the basic indices of renal activity (diuresis, creatinine excretion) are correlated with the drug concentration in saliva. A single administration of antipyrine in a dose of 10 mg/kg does not influence the renal function of healthy volunteers. The proposed photometric method of antipyrine determination in urine (under the conditions of loading with 0.5% NaCl solution at an amount of 0.5% of body weight) is sufficiently sensitive and provides information about the renal clearance of antipyrine, offering an important supplement to the data obtained by conventional methods.

[Genetic studies of house mice from the hybrid area of the Primorskii Region]. / Geneticheskie issledovaniia domovykh myshei v gibridnoi zone Primorskogo kraia.

Cytogenetic and allozyme differentiation of house mice Mus musculus L. was studied in 21 samples of Primorskii krai (region) from 1984 to 1998. The use of Q-H- and C-banding made it possible to reveal a high variation in the content and distribution of pericentromeric heterochromatin and high frequencies of marker autosomes 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, and 17-19 in the karyotypes of mice from some samples. The presence of marker alleles that are typical of the subspecies groups castaneus and musculus was shown for protein loci Idh, Sod-1, Aat-1, and Hbb. The data obtained indicate that the fauna of house mice of Primorye is characterized by subspecific mosaicism and hybrid origin. Apparently, subspecies M. m. castaneus, M. musculus ssp., M. M. homourus, and M. m. gansuensis contributed, to different degrees, to the formation of this fauna.

[A rare variant of chromosome 1 in the house mouse: the presence of 2 supernumerary heterochromatin segments]. / Redkii variant khromosomy 1 u domovoi myshi: nalichie dvukh dopolnitel'nykh geterokhromatinovykh segmentov.

An abnormal chromosome 1 with two extra interstitial heterochromatin segments was found in the karyotype of a house mouse from the Maritime Territory. Until recently, variants of the abnormal chromosome 1 with the only extra C-block were known in house mouse of some European populations. Sizes of the abnormal chromosome 1 in a house mouse of the Maritime Territory are increased almost by 50%, in comparison with the normal homologue. C-banding showed that extra segments were localized in the area of D and F segments of the standard karyotype in house mouse, and stained homogeneously.

[Immunologic reactivity of the body and the adrenal cortex function in the early period after administration of a carcinogen]. / Immunologicheskaia reaktivnost' organizma i funktsiia kory nadpochechnikov v rannii period khimicheskogo kantserogeneza.

The level of immunological reactivity and the functional state of the adrenal cortex were studied simultaneously in BALB/c mice 7 days after a single injection of various doses of methylcholanthrene. There existed a definite correlation between the immunodepression induced by various doses of methylcholanthrene determined according to the amount of plaque-forming cells in the experimental mouse spleen and free and combined 11-corticosteroids content in the blood plasma after 7 days of the carcinogen injection. This evidence suggests that the adrenal cortex hormones play a definite role in the pathogenesis of immunodepression induced by chemical carcinogenesis.

[Effect of the removal of an induced tumor on the immunological reactivity of mice]. / Vliianie udaleniia indutsirovannoi opukholi na immunologicheskuiu reaktivnost' myshei.

An extensive surgical intervention in removing a tumor-bearing limb induce in mice an enhancement of immunosuppression state, developed in the process of carcinogenesis. Rehabilitation of the immunocompetence in such mice proceeds in a more active way than in the control animals, subjected to the analogous amputation of the extremity.