[Microdestruction of the bone].

The objective of the present study was the detection of microcracks in the compact bone tissue surrounding the fracture and in deformed bone undergoing subcritical loading. The portions of deformed bone tissue and terminal fragments of broken bones were obtained in the form of blocks longitudinally sawcut from the regions of primary and secondary bone rupture. A total of 300 such blocks were available for the examination. All portions of the deformed bone tissue and terminal fragments of broken bones showed up microcracks commensurate with the bone structures. They were actually hardened traces of deformation that preceded the fracture and reflected the volume of the destroyed bone tissue; moreover, in certain cases they allowed to identify the kind of the object that exerted the external action (either a blow or slow bending).

[The role of stretching in the process of fracture formation].

The author analyses various kinds of bone deformations. The stretching development and its influence on fracture formation are described in the article. Morphological signs confirming presence of stretching as a destroy moment are represented.

[Forensic-medical assessment of diaphysis fractures in childhood].

The authors established that special structure of bones in childhood have a significant influence on the fractures of long tubular bones. The formation of unusual fractures shows it. Under condition of low speed of bending in the area of fracture many microfissures are formed, which leads to structural failure of intraosseous microcirculation and osteocytes.

[Investigation of osteoporotic changes of the long tubular leg bones for identification of human biological age].

The authors propose to introduce into expert practice a number of methods estimating age-related osteoporosis by such quantitative characteristics as coefficient of optical transmission, optic density, porosity. The data confirm nonlinear dependence of age dynamics of osteoporotic changes which can be more effectively described by equations of polynomial regression.

[Peculiarities of destruction in the facial area of the skull]. / Zakonomernosti razrusheniia litsevogo otdela cherepa.

Injuries observed in the facial skull area (FSA) in trauma made by hard blunt objects are registered within the forensic medical examinations of cadavers by far more rare than they are actually encountered in life. At the same time, a statement made to the effect that it was FSA that was affected in injuries of the cerebral skull area (CSA) is of an important forensic medical value. According to our research, the "strength beams" present in FSA and CSA are ovals and semi-ovals positioned above one another in 3 layers (top, medium and low ones). The anterior sections of all layers of FSA "strength beams" and of adjoining CSA regions, i.e. the squama of frontal bone (low one third of it) as well as anterior and middle cranial fossas, are a single deformative strength system. Specific features of each impact-zone region affect greatly a character of injuries in FSA at traumas in the medium facial third. Bones in the anterior and middle cranial fossas are damaged, apart from cranial injuries, in certain variations of impacts to FSA.

[Changes in the properties of the rib fragments in the posttraumatic period from the viewpoint of tribology]. / Izmeneniia svoistv otlomkov reber v posttravmaticheskom periode s pozitsii tribologii.

The authors regard a broken rib in intact respiration as a dynamic biotribologic system that is characterized by overcoming of adhesive-cohesive relations in the friction pair represented in this case by the fragment ends. In the course of this interaction the initial morphology of contacting fractured sites changes and new informative diagnostic signs, differently manifest and varying in extension, form. These signs may appear only in intact respiration and evidence a life-time rib fracture.

[The classification of bone fissures]. / O klassifikatsii treshchin kosti.

A classification of bone fissures, suggested by the authors, is based on the results of their studies of bone destruction. Relationship between the fissures and bone tissue structural arrangement, and the sequence of the fissure emergence and development, starting from a microfissure (at the level of bone plates) progressing to a major fissure, resulting in final destruction of the bone, underlie this classification.

[A schematic representation of the thoracic skeleton for the analysis of multiple fractures]. / Skhematicheskoe izobrazhenie skeleta grudnoi kletki dlia analiza mnozhestvennykh perelomov.

A scheme of the thoracic skeleton (a superior projection) is suggested for practical forensic medical evaluation. The scheme presents concentrically arranged costal arches connected to the image of the breast bone and the thoracic portion of the spine, with the ordinal numbers of the ribs, vertebrae, and anatomic lines. Special marks indicate rib fractures and other associated signs (repeated injuries, bleedings, whether the injury was inflicted in life or was postmortem, etc.). After the scheme is filled in, one may analyze a three-dimensional image of the injuries to determine the site and direction of an external exposure and its order.

[Micro-fractures of the bone tissue]. / Mikrorazrushenie kostnoi tkani.

The object of this report is to inform the traumatologists on some problems of the bone micro-destruction, which can be important for diagnosis, selection of fracture treatment tactics and complication prophylaxis. The obtained results can be used in practice.

[The determination of the type of external exposure by rib fractures]. / Opredelenie vida vneshnego vozdeistviia po perelomam reber.

The paper deals with differential diagnosis of an external exposure (blow, compression) from rib fractures in chest trauma. New informative parameters of bone microdestruction in fracture zones which may serve as expert criteria for conditions of their formation are proposed. Registration of microfissures in thickness of rib compact plates and spongy substance on both sides of the basic fracture, their character, direction and original mosaic makes it possible to determine the type of an external exposure blow, compression) with high accuracy.

[The mechanism of the formation of the bullet-entry gunshot damage to the bones of the cranial vault in shots from the TO3-10 small-bore 5.6-mm-caliber rifle]. / O mekhanizme obrazovaniia vkhodnogo pulevogo ognestrel'nogo povrezhdeniia kostei svoda cherepa pri vystrelakh iz malokalibernoi vintovki TO3-10 kalibra 5,6 mm.

Data on experimental shots (3 series) from a TO3-10 small-gun that cause lesions of cranial vault bones are presented. It was stated that mechanism of formation of inlet bullet gunshot lesions of cranial vault bones involves several successive stages. Formation of gunshot lesion is affected by elastic bone properties and a "hydrodynamic effect".