[Characteristics of the association between tuberculosis and HIV infection in Mures county, Romania]. / A tuberkulózis és a HIV-fertozés kapcsolatának jellemzoi Maros megyében, Romániában.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the decrease in morbidity due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Romania, it remains a significant risk factor for tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the characteristics of tuberculosis-HIV co-infection in Maros county, Romania, during 2014-2020. METHOD: Retrospective data processing of the study group and comparing with internationally reported data (similar group, same geographic region, during 2004-2013). RESULTS: The study includes 40 patients with tuberculosis-HIV co-infection: 24 men, 16 women, 22 from rural areas, 22 smokers, 20 alcohol and 4 drug users. Most of them had poor living conditions. 30 patients were in the 26-40-year-old age group, significantly influencing their personal development. 25 patients were diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We identified 28 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 1 extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and 11 mixed forms. In 13 cases, the pathogen was not identified; the diagnosis was based on probability criteria (epidemiology, clinical, and imaging methods). The number of hepatitis, parasitological, and other opportunistic infections decreased significantly, but the frequency of anemia, neurological and respiratory diseases increased. The incidence of drug-resistant forms and the death rate also decreased significantly. DISCUSSION: Due to the poor living conditions, these patients are not adherent to examinations and treatment. Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection is more likely to cause complications, drug resistance, and high mortality rate. For early diagnosis, screening all patients with tuberculosis for HIV infection and all HIV-infected patients for tuberculosis is crucial. CONCLUSION: Prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of both diseases must be increased by intensifying the fight against poverty and promoting better education. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(1): 19-28.

[Exacerbation of obstructive pulmonary diseases by SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients treated in the Pulmonology Clinic of Târgu Mures]. / Obstruktív tüdobetegségek súlyosbodása SARS-CoV-2-fertozés hatására a marosvásárhelyi Pulmonológiai Klinika beteganyagában.

INTRODUCTION: Literature data show an increased severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cardiovascular, renal comorbidities, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, obesity, diabetes, tumors and immunosuppression. METHOD: This retrospective study includes 90 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with COPD or asthma exacerbations from 303 patients hospitalized during a 7-month period (29.7%). The clinical aspect of COPD/asthma exacerbations overlapped to the one by SARS-CoV-2 infection, therefore, we compared our group with 90 patients with SARS-CoV-2 without obstructive disease. We excluded from both groups the patients with known severe cardiac impairment, diabetes, or tumors in order to not having interference with other unfavorable prognostic factors. We assessed the cases severity on clinical basis, pulzoximetry, CT/chest x-ray, and inflammatory markers. RESULTS: 72.2% of our group (48/52 with COPD and 17/38 with asthma) had moderate/severe pneumonia (bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrates, increased inflammatory markers, respiratory dysfunction) compared with 56.6% from the nonobstructive group. 14 patients required intensive therapy (including mechanical ventilation). We recorded 4 deaths in COPD group, 1 in asthma group, compared to 2 in non-obstructive patients (fatality 7.6% in COPD compared to 2.2% in nonobstructive group). Treatment included maximized inhaled bronchodilators ± corticosteroids, oxygen, antivirals, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, symptomatic. All patients were referred for clinical-functional and CT scan reassessment 2 months after discharge. CONCLUSION: The association of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with COPD or asthma was common, leading to exacerbation with significant severity. Fatality increased in COPD. Outpatient follow-up aims to restage adjust the treatment and monitor post-COVID-19 possible sequels. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(2): 43-50.

Lung function and comorbidities in patients with exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalized in Tirgu-Mureș Pulmonology Clinic / Súlyos krónikus obstruktív tüdobetegségben szenvedo betegek tüdofunkciója és társbetegségei a marosvásárhelyi Tüdogyógyászati Klinikán

two-thirds and partial remission in one-third of the lesions. At doses above 100 J/cm², severe erythema was observed 24 hours after the treatment. To avoid this, we calculated the time to be spent outdoor by dosimetry. Partial remission was achieved in 15%, complete remission in 85% of the actinic keratoses with good tolerability. Discussion: The stepwise modification of the treatment protocol resulted in an effective and well-tolerated treatment in actinic keratoses under the local climatic conditions. Conclusion: The method has been successfully adapted in our clinic and is used in daily practice to treat actinic keratoses.

Applicability of lung ultrasound in the assessment of COVID-19 pneumonia: Diagnostic accuracy and clinical correlations.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound (LUS) in determining the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia compared with thoracic computed tomography (CT) and establish the correlations between LUS score, inflammatory markers, and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2). METHODS: This prospective observational study, conducted at Târgu-Mureș Pulmonology Clinic included 78 patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection via nasopharyngeal real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (30 were excluded). Enrolled patients underwent CT, LUS, and blood tests on admission. Lung involvement was evaluated in 16 thoracic areas, using AB1 B2 C (letters represent LUS pattern) scores ranging 0-48. RESULTS: LUS revealed bilateral B-lines (97.8%), pleural irregularities with thickening/discontinuity (75%), and subpleural consolidations (70.8%). Uncommon sonographic patterns were alveolar consolidations with bronchogram (33%) and pleural effusion (2%). LUS score cutoff values of ≤14 and > 22 predicted mild COVID-19 (sensitivity [Se] = 84.6%; area under the curve [AUC] = 0.72; P = 0.002) and severe COVID-19 (Se = 50%, specificity (Sp) = 91.2%, AUC = 0.69; P = 0.02), respectively, and values > 29 predicted the patients' transfer to the intensive care unit (Se = 80%, Sp = 97.7%). LUS score positively correlated with CT score (r = 0.41; P = 0.003) and increased with the decrease of SpO2 (r = -0.49; P = 0.003), with lymphocytes decline (r = -0.52; P = 0.0001). Patients with consolidation patterns had higher ferritin and C-reactive protein than those with B-line patterns (P = 0.01; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: LUS is a useful, non-invasive and effective tool for diagnosis, monitoring evolution, and prognostic stratification of COVID-19 patients.

Serogroups and genetic diversity of diarrheagenic strains of Escherichia coli: a retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Diverse serogroups of Escherichia coli cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of diarrhea among children. Our study aimed to evaluate the serogroups of diarrheagenic strains of E. coli that cause diarrheal disease in children under two years old, and clarify if the cases were sporadic or outbreaks. METHODOLOGY: The retrospective study included 130 strains of pathogenic E. coli, isolated from children who were less than two years of age, and had diarrheal disease, between May 2016 and July 2019. The study was conducted in the Bacteriology Laboratory (County Clinical Hospital, Mureș, Romania). The 130 strains were sero-grouped using polyvalent and monovalent O antisera. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) was performed to evaluate the similarity between different E. coli strains, and a simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the presence of the hlyA gene that is specific to the enterohemorrhagic strains. RESULTS: After agglutination with polyvalent O antisera, slightly more than half of the strains (50.77%) were sero-grouped as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and the rest of the strains belonged to the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serogroups. Serogroup O157 was the most frequently identified (16.51% of the total number of typeable strains), and one strain was positive for hlyA. ERIC-PCR revealed a high diversity of strains, with an overall 50% similarity. CONCLUSIONS: STEC serogroups were the most common strains causing diarrheal disease, and O-157 was the dominant serogroup identified. The strains included in our study presented high genetic diversity, suggesting that most of the cases were sporadic.

The role of quantitative computed tomography in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In the last 25 years, there have been important improvements in computed tomography (CT) that may give more details about the lung structure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The clinical exam and "classic" radiology (chest X-ray, conventional CT) have important roles: they raise the suspicion of hyperinflation, they highlight aspects of pulmonary hypertension, they may detect the triggers of exacerbations, they rule out some COPD complications and other lung diseases that can cause dyspnea (pneumothorax, tumors, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis). The spirometry may confirm the obstructive ventilatory disorder pattern of the disease. The modern CT scan technique - High Resolution CT (HRCT) with Multi-Detector CT procedure (MDCT) gives additional information about morphological details of parenchyma, bronchi, pulmonary vessels or lung function (ventilation/perfusion disorders) without significant lung irradiation. The new techniques provide quantifiable parameters that characterize the emphysema, the main COPD phenotypes and the risk of disease progression. Quantitative volumetric analysis of emphysema provides an early diagnosis of the disease in patients exposed to smoking and pollution. An early personalized diagnostic in COPD offers stronger reasons to prophylaxis by smoking and exposure cessation and an early targeted treatment (inhaled bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory medication, pulmonary rehabilitation, education for lifestyle changes).