[Effect of calcitonin on insulin and glucagon secretion by the pancreas]. / Vliianie kal'tsitonina na sekretsiiu insulina i gliukagona podzheludochnoi zhelezoi.

A study was made of the effect of pig calcitonin (CT) on the levels of insulin and glucagon, glucose stimulated insulin secretion and glucagon secretion in insulin hypoglycemia in rats. Disorder of glucose tolerance after administration of CT at a dose of 1 U per 100 g of body mass was established. CT administration did not influence the level of insulin and inhibited its secretion in GTT. CT resulted in a considerable decrease in the basal level of glucagon and an increase in its secretion in insulin hypoglycemia. CT could be involved in neuroendocrine regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

[Changes in fatty tissue sensitivity to insulin in the process of diabetes mellitus compensation using sulfanilurea derivatives]. / Izmenenie chuvstvitel'nosti zhirovoi tkani k insulinu v protsesse kompensatsii sakharnogo diabeta proizvodnymi sul'fanilmocheviny.

During incubation of an isolated adipose tissue, obtained by surgical biopsy from the left inguinal region, it was shown that insulin in concentrations of 50 and 100 microU/ml does not stimulate glucose-14C inclusion into the tissue lipids in patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus in contrast to that of healthy humans. Insulin effect on the lipid synthesis is restored up to the normal level after diabetes mellitus compensation by means of sulfaniluria derivatives. It is concluded that an elevated tissue sensitivity to insulin plays an important role in the antidiabetic action of sulfanilurea derivatives.

[Relative insulin deficiency as a primary factor in pathogenesis of spontaneous diabetes mellitus]. / Ob otnositel'noi insulinnoi nedostatochnosti kak pervichnom faktore patogeneza spontannogo sakharnogo diabeta.

The presence at the early stages of diabetes mellitus of relative, not of absolute insulin deficiency was demonstrated. Relative insulin deficiency was caused by reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin demonstrable in patients with latent and manifest diabetes mellitus both with normal body weight and with adiposity. Reduction of tissue sensitivity serves as the primary factor in the pathologenesis of spontaneous diabetes mellitus.

[Insulin sensitivity of isolated muscle tissue of rats with manifest alloxan diabetes of different duration]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k insulinu izolirovannoi myshechnoi tkani krys s iavnym alloksanovym diabetom razlichnoi dlitel' nosti.

Insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue was assessed in 20 control rats and 27 rats with alloxan diabetes from the extent of its effect on C14-glucose incorporation by the diaphragmatic muscular glycogen. In diabetes of 5--8-day standing insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue remained unchanged. In alloxan diabetes of 22--24-day duration insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue diminished. With prolongation of decompensated alloxan diabetes up to 5--8 months a further decrease in incorporation of labelled glucose by the diaphragmatic glycogen was recorded. The data obtained indicate that metabolic disturbances inherent in diabetes mellitus lead to a decrease in insulin sensitivity of muscle tissue.

[Sensitivity of isolated adipose tissue to insulin and questions concerning the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic liver diseases]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' izolirovannoi zhirovoi tkani k insulinu i voprosy patogeneza sakharnogo diabeta u bol'nykh s khronicheskimi zabolevaniiami pecheni.

Immunoreactive insulin level proved to be elevated in the blood serum on fasting stomach and at various periods after glucose administration in patients with cirrhosis of the liver with normal glucose tolerance. Reduced insulin sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue was observed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The blood serum cortisol level in these patients failed to differ from such in healthy persons; that calls in doubt participation of this contrinsular hormone in the genesis of reduced insulin sensitivity in chronic diseases of the liver. Elevation of peripheral insulin resistance can promote development or detection of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances in patients with chronic diseases of the liver.

[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in patients with insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' izolirovannoi zhirovoi tkani k insulinu u bol'nykh s insulinorezistentnoi formoi sakharnogo diabeta.

A study was made of the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in 15 healthy persons, 20-with newly-revealed diabetes mellitus, and in 25-with the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue was obtained from the left inquinal region and was incubated with various insulin concentration with the addition of 14C-glucose into the incubation medium, in incubation in buffer, without any insulin addition, of the isolated adipose tissue of patients suffering from insulin-resistant diabetes, 14C-glucose incorporation into the tissue lipids was at the same level as in healthy persons, apparently on account of insulin with prolonged action administered previously. The level of adipose tissue lipids radioactivity in patients suffering from newly-revealed diabetes mellitus and of patients with the insulin-resistant diabetes was the same in incubation with the high insulin concentrations (1000 muU/ml), but significantly lower than in healthy persons. In incubation of the adipose tissue of the insulin-resistant patients in the serum of the same patients, the exogenous insulin administered to the patients and added in vitro failed to express its biological action. A factor preventing the effect of insulin (probably of antibodies of significance in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance) is supposed to be present in the serum of insulin-resistant patients.

[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in obesity with presence or absence of diabetes mellitus]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' izolirovannoi zhirovoi tkani k insulinu u bol'nykh ozhireniem s nalichiem i otsutstviem sakharnogo diabeta.

The authors studied the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to various insulin concentrations in healthy women and also in women suffering from adiposity with the normal and diabetic test for glucose tolerance. Adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin was studied by the influence of insulin to the intensity of incorporation of carbohydrate of labeled glucose into the common lipids of the adipose tissue in its incubation with various insulin concentrations. A marked reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity to physiological concentrations of insulin was shown in patients with adiposity. The extent of insulin sensitivity fall was the same in such patients with normal glucose tolerance and in those suffering from latent diabetes. A conclusion was drawn that the mentioned reduction of adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin could serve as a significant factor leading to the development of diabetic disturbances in adiposity. Another factor playing an important role in the development of diabetic disturbances in adiposity was compensatory possibilities of beta-cells of the pancreas.

[Effect of blood serum of healthy persons and diabetic patients on glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue]. / Vliianie syvorotki krovi zdorovykh lits i bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom na metabolizm gliukozy v zhirovoi tkani.

The intensity of lipid synthesis from the C-14-labeled glucose in the isolated subcutaneous fatty tissue of healthy individuals and diabetic patients was investigated during incubation of the tissue in the serum of healthy individuals and of those suffering from diabetes mellitus. It was shown that the serum of healthy individuals and of patients with diabetes mellitus enhanced the lipid synthesis in the adipose tissue of healthy individuals (significantly and equally) in comparison with the incubation in buffer solution. But no lipid synthesis was stimulated under the effect of the serum of healthy persons and patients with diabetes mellitus in the adipose tissue of diabetic patients. The data obtained indicated that antagonists to the insulin action on adipose tissue were absent in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. A reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity of diabetic patients to insulin contained in the serum was due to the tissue defect representing the primary factor in the pathogenesis of the diabetes mellitus responsible for the development of relative insulin deficiency.

[Effect of insulin on the adipose tissue of patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Deistvie insulina na zhrivovuiu tkan' bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom

A study was made of insulin sensitivity of the adipose tissue biopsied in 11 healthy women, and in 10 women with normal weight suffering from newly-detected diabetes mellitus. In difference from healthy persons in the adipose tissue of patients suffering from diabetes, insulin in a concentration of 50 mu/ml failed to enhance the oxidation of glucose to CO2, and in a concentration of 50 and 100 mu/ml failed to enhance the glycogen synthesis from glucose. Reduction of the sensitivity of different ways of glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue to insulin in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus pointed to the possibility of disturbance of insulin interaction with the cell membrane in this disease.

[Adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin in obese ovariectomized rats]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' zhirovoi tkani k insulinu u krys s ozhireniem i ovariéktomiei

A study was made of sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue in rats with ovariectomy and overfeeding. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the intensity of glucose-C14 incorporation into total lipids of adipose tissue in its incubation with insulin in a concentration of 100 minutes/ml. It was demonstrated that 3 1/2 months after the operation no adiposity developed in ovariectomized rats and insulin sensitivity of the adipose tissue persisted at the normal level. In the excessively fed animals, which due to individual peculiarities of food consumption retained their normal weight, insulin sensitivity of the adipose tissue also remained unchanged. At the same time, with increase in weight caused by overfeeding or ovariectomy in combination with overfeeding, there was no intensification of glucose metabolism under the effect of insulin. The mentioned reduction of insulin sensitivity apparently served as one of the causes leading to development of a relative insulin insufficiency in adiposity and the subsequent development of disturbances of carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

[Changes in the sensitivity of lipoatrophic tissues to insulin under the effects of novocaine]. / Izmenenie chuvstvitel'nosti lipoatroficheskoi tkani k insulinu pod vliianiem novokaina

A study was made of the isolated adipose tissue of 9 healthy women and the adipose tissue from the zone of lipoatrophy obtained from 7 women suffering from diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. In difference to the adipose tissue of healthy persons, in the lipoatrophic adipose tissue there occurred under the effect of insulin-novocain mixture a marked increase in the incorporation of C-14-labeled glucose into the total lipids of the adipose tissue. The data obtained served as an argument in favour of the neurotrophic genesis of the postinjection insulin lipoatrophies and proved the neuro-trophic mechanism of the therapeutic effect of the insulin-novocain mixture.

[Sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin in latent diabetes mellitus (a clinico--experimental study)]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' zhirovoi tkani k insulinu pri skrytykh formakh sakharnogo diabeta (kliniko-éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

A study was made of the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin in patients with latent diabetes mellitus and in rats with latent alloxan diabetes. Investigations were carried out by the intensity of glucose-C-14 incorporation into total lipids of adipose tissue during its incubation with various insulin concentrations. It was demonstrated that in rats with latent alloxan diabetes sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin was unchanged in comparison with control rats. Sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin was significantly reduced in the patients with latent diabetes mellitus in comparison with control. The data obtained indicated that reduction of the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin in patients with latent diabetes mellitus served as a primary factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, responsible for the appearance of a relative insulin deficiency.