[Prediction of malaria spread in Russia in the first quarter of the 21st century]. / Prognoz rasprostraneniia maliarii na territorii Rossii v pervoi chetverti XXI veka.

The paper presents a prediction of changes in the potential areas of tertian malaria till 2025. It shows that possible climatic changes whose main features are an increase in average annual temperatures do not imply a uniform expansion of areas for parasitic infections. The regional and seasonal trends of temperature changes in Russia (both established for the 20th century and predicted for the early 21st century) will both expand the area in its one part and reduce in its another part. Overall, the changes caused by climatic factors in the potential area of human malaria in Russia in the first quarter of the 21st century will not lead to a drastically aggravated malaria epidemiological situation.

[Influence of climatic changes on the spread of malaria in the Russian Federation]. / Vliianie izmeneniia klimata na rasprostraneniie maliarii na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatii.

The climatic temperature conditions of the atmospheric surface layer in the given point of geographic space are considered in this paper to be favourable for human malaria if the number of years whose temperature conditions allow the causative agent to complete sporogony in the vector if only once is at least 90%. In another case, the conditions are considered to be unfavourable. This model criterion determines the potential region of the disease. The diagrammatic maps depicting such potential regions, as well as their changes in the period of 1966-1995 as compared to the period of 1936-1965, are given in this paper for tertian (P. vivax) and tropical (P. falciparum) malaria. The threshold empirical relationship of sporogony success to the variations of the mean diurnal temperature in a specific year and the series of diurnal data of meteorological observations made for many years at 223 weather stations situated on the territory of the former USSR. An analysis shows that there has been a slight increase in the regions in Asian Russia for 30 years while there has been a just more noticeable reduction in them in European Russia. By and large the changes in the regions may be regarded as just moderate.

[Possible use of the color of the larval head capsule in the classification of malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culicidae, Diptera]. / O vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniia okraski golovnoi kapsuly lichinok v sistematike maliariinykh komarov (Anopheles, Culicidae, Diptera).

The colour of the head capsule of larvae of three strains of Anopheles stephensi is described. The data of earlier studies are summarized. It is concluded that it is possible and expedient to widely use of this sign in the systematization of Anopheles.

[The coloring of the head capsule of Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae and the use of this trait for species diagnosis]. / Okraska golovnoi kapsuly lichinok Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae) i ispol'zovanie étogo priznaka dlia diagnostiki vidov.

The paper describes the colour of the stage IV larval head capsule in Anopheles pulcherrimus and An. superpictus and discusses whether this the use of this sign can be used to classify malaria mosquitoes.

[Sensitivity of malaria mosquito larvae to bacterial insecticides in relation to handling]. / Zavisismost' chuvstvitel'nosti lichinok maliariinykh komarov k bakterial'nym insektitsidam ot uslovii ikh soderzhaniia.

The conditions for cultivation of malaria mosquito larvae were found to exert a great impact on their sensitivity to bactoculicide. Elevating keeping temperatures for An. sacharovi and An. pulcherrimus by 10-11 degrees C causes 2-4-fold increases in LC50. There are virtually no impacts of larval population during their development or temperature-population density relationships. Ten-fold increases in larval population density under which An. stephensi larvae have been grown result in 3-fold decreases in LC50. There are no impacts of temperatures and temperature-population density relationships either. There are also great larval species-specific differences in their sensitivity to bactoculicide.

[Optimization of the placement density and feed composition for the maintenance of the larvae of Anopheles superpictus Grassi and Anopheles pulcherrimus Theob]. / Optimizatsiia plotnosti posadki i sostava kroma dlia soderzhaniia lichinok Anopheles superpictus Grassi i Anopheles pulcherrimus Theob.

The optimal density of placement of An. superpictus and An. pulcherrimus larvae in the culture is 50 individuals/dm2 of the water surface. This provided about 90% survival, 2.5- and 2.3-mg weights of chrysalids, respectively, 5.8 and 5.3 chrysalid multiplication per dm2 a day. A mixture containing ground combined fodder, Daphnia and wheat bran in a ratio of 2:1:4 is recommended for feeding both species of larvae.

[The effect of antihormones on the susceptibility of Anopheles sacharovi Favre. mosquitoes to the causative agent of malaria Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt]. / Vliianie antigormonov na vospriimchivost' kpmarov Anopheles sacahrovi Favre. k vozbuditeliu maliarii Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt.

A laboratory model of circulation of the malaria causative agent P. gallinaceum has been used to show that the effect of precocene (antijuvenoid) leads to a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of infected females developing eggs after blood suction. The females failing to develop eggs are not infected. Trichopol (antiexdisone) inhibits vitellogenesis The females undeveloping eggs become susceptible to the causative agent though to a lesser degree than those developing them. The findings suggest that there is an association of the mosquito susceptibility to the malaria causative agent with the balance of hormones in the body of disease the carrier.

[The relation of the degree of water salinity to oviposition by female blood-sucking mosquitoes]. / Sviaz' stepeni solenosti vody s otkladkoi iaits samkami krovososushchikh komarov.

Anopheles sacharovi, An. atropatvus, An. pulcherrimus, An. superpictus. An. stephensi, Culex pipiens females to prefer fresh water for their oviposition. The differences between them are that the An.stephensi and Culex pipiens avoid high salinity values more frequently than other species. The eggs of a all the species studied do not survive at 2% salinity. The An. sacharovi eggs are more resistant to salinity while the An. pulcherrimus ones are less resistant. Nevertheless, the females of all the species oviposited a quantity into the significant salinity water obviously unsuited to the development of preimaginal stages.

[The developmental characteristics of the larvae of malarial mosquitoes in salt water]. / Nekotorye osobennosti razvitiia lichinok maliariinykh komarov v solenoi vode.

In terms of water salinity, the following developmental ranges were established for the larvae of 5 mosquito species: 1.5% in Anopheles sacharovi, 1.0% in An. atroparvus, 1.8% in An. stephensi, 1.2% in An. superpictus, and 1.0% in An. pulcherrimus. Salinity was demonstrated to affect the survival of larvae to the greatest extent and the duration of their development and weight to a much lesser one.

[The evaluation of the stability of a method for testing the insecticidal activity of bacterial preparations against mosquito larvae]. / Otsenka stabil'nosti metoda testirovaniia insektitsidnoi aktivnosti bakterial'nykh preparatov v otnoshenii lichinok komarov.

The dispersion of testing results is due not only to an error in the representative choice of specimens for an experiment, but also to the specific features of each specific experiment. In defining the confidence interval of the value of insecticidal activity it should not be oriented to data on variability of individual tests rather than to the error in the dose-mortality regression representativeness. The test permits one to establish differences in the insecticidal activity of the agents which differ in this index at least by 1.5-fold.

[The effect of iuvemon on oogenesis in female Anopheles sacharovi Favre mosquitoes and their infection with the malarial causative agent Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt]. / Vliianie iuvemona na oogenez samok komarov Anopheles saccharovi Favre i ikh zarazhaemost' vozbuditelem maliarii Plasmodium gallinaceum Brumpt.

The paper provides evidence that the An. sacharovi females which do not develop mature eggs after blood-sucking on the malaria-infected donor could not be infected by the bird malaria agent P. gallinaceum. The addition of juvemon (an analogue of juvenile hormone) to glucose solution (mosquito carbohydrate diet) before blood meal stimulates the vitellogenesis of the mosquito after blood digestion, as clearly demonstrated on the female with an incomplete portion of the infected blood. This study has demonstrated that the juvemon does not exert a direct effect on mosquito susceptibility to the bird malaria agent, but it increases the number of females with mature eggs, thus promoting the increase in the percentage of the infected specimens and the number of oocysts.

[The influence of reproductive system function in female mosquitoes on their capacity for infection with the causative agent of malaria]. / Vliianie sostoianiia reproduktivnoi sistemy samok komarov na ikh zarazhaemost' vozbuditelem maliarii.

The study of the vector-agent model (Anopheles sacharovi-Plasmodium gallinaceum) has shown that the development of ovaries of the vector stimulates its receptivity to the malaria agent. In the case of braking of follicle development the mosquitos were nearly not infected. The capability of mosquitos to be infected without previous carbohydrate feed is confirmed. The influences of the age of mosquitos and the quantity of blood soaked up on the egg development and on the receptivity to malaria agent are demonstrated.

[The effect of water temperature on the action of bacterial insecticides against mosquito larvae]. / Vliianie temperatury vody na deistvie bakterial'nykh insektitsidov protiv lichinok komarov.

The LD50 logarithm of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus toxins effects on the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens is in inverse correlation with the water temperature. The influence of the temperature on the toxins effect on C. pipiens larvae is higher than that for A. aegypti larvae. Similarly, B. sphaericus toxin effect depends on the water temperature to a greater measure than that of B. thuringiensis toxin. The authors predict a high efficacy of B. sphaericus-based insecticides in hot climate countries.

[The feeding characteristics of mosquito larvae of the genus Anopheles]. / Osobennosti pitaniia lichinok komarov roda Anopheles.

Studies carried out on 6 species of malaria mosquitos revealed a relationship between the larval activity to scratch the substrate and their morphological and physiological features and also their development at different depth of feed immersion. The development of scratching capacity was compared in different species of Anopheles and Cellia subgenera.

[The creation of a laboratory culture of Anopheles martinius Schingarev, 1926]. / Sozdanie laboratornoi kul'tury Anopheles martinius Schingarev, 1926.

A laboratory colony of Anopheles martinius has been first set up in the world. The starting colony was a sample of overwintered females collected in the Takhta-Kupyr district of Karakalpakia. The colony was reproducing in laboratory for 11 months (not less than 15 generations). The method for its maintenance is similar to that for An. sacharovi.

[A comparison of some malarial mosquito species in their reaction to bacterial insecticides]. / Sravnenie neskol'kikh vidov maliariinykh komarov po reaktsii na bakterial'nye insektitsidy.

Considerable differences have been detected in the sensitivity of various Anopheles species to bacterial insecticides. These differences might be associated with features in larval nutrition and do not depend on their size and taxonomic species position. An. pulcherrimus or An. sacharovi and An. stephensi species are suggested as the most suitable test objects for the representatives of the given genus.

[New models of the circulation of the causative agent of malaria Plasmodium gallinaceum using malarial mosquitoes in the fauna of the USSR]. / Novye modeli tsirkuliatsii vozbuditelia maliarii Plasmodium gallinaceum s ispol'zovaniem maliariinykh komarov fauny SSSR.

The capacity of An. sacharovi and An. pulcherrimus to be infected with P. gallinaceum and to transmit the agent to the vertebrate host, a chick, has been established. Sufficient differences have been found in the extensiveness and intensity of infection of different species of mosquitoes and in other characteristics reflecting the agent-vector relationships.