ABSTRACT
In the present work the feasibility of Tannat grape skin (TGS) as a functional ingredient in the formulation of two snacks (yogurt and biscuits) was studied. The research provided novel information on the effects of the food matrix and digestion process, under simulated human oral gastrointestinal conditions, in the bioaccessibility of TGS bioactive compounds composing of the snacks with health promoting properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic). TGS polyphenolic profile was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) finding mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins, which may exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and carbohydrase inhibition capacities. TGS digest showed antioxidant and antidiabetic potential compared to the undigested sample (p < 0.05). Yogurt and biscuits with TGS were developed with the nutrition claims "no-added sugars" and "source of fiber" and were digested in vitro to evaluate the bioaccessibility of compounds with health promoting properties after food processing and digestion. After in vitro simulation of digestion, bioactive properties were enhanced for control and TGS snacks which may be attributed to the formation/release of compounds with health-promoting properties. Biscuits showed significant increase in ABTS antioxidant capacity and yogurt showed increased α-glucosidase inhibition capacity by the addition of TGS (p < 0.05). Polyphenols from TGS and bioactive peptides from snacks which may be released during digestion might be responsible for the observed bioactivities. Consumer's acceptance of TGS yogurt and biscuits showed scores of 6.3 and 5.1 (scale 1−9), respectively, showing TGS yogurt had higher overall acceptance. Sensory profile assessed by check-all-that-apply + just-about-right (CATA+JAR) showed most of the attributes were evaluated as "just about right", supporting good food quality. The developed yogurt presented adequate shelf-life parameters for 28 days. TGS yogurt with higher acceptability showed reduced ROS formation (p < 0.05) induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM) in CCD-18Co colon cells and RAW264.7 macrophages when pre-treated with concentrations 500−1000 and 100−500 µg/mL of the digests, respectively. Moreover, TGS yogurt digest pre-treatment reduced nitric oxide (NO) production (p < 0.05) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, showing anti-inflammatory potential. Bioactive peptides generated during lactic fermentation and digestion process may be contributors to intracellular effects. In conclusion, yogurt and biscuits with Tannat grape skin addition were obtained with nutrition claims "no-added sugars" and "source of fiber" with the potential to modulate key biochemical events associated with diabetes pathogenesis.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Vitis , Anthocyanins , Humans , Snacks , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Vitis/chemistryABSTRACT
La contaminación por metales pesados (MP) constituye un problema creciente para la salud pública. La utilización de bioindicadores permite evaluar el impacto de la contaminación antrópica. En este estudio se evaluaron 730 cepas de Enterococcus provenientes de diferentes fuentes de la comarca VIRCh-Valdés (Provincia de Chubut), mediante la prueba de sensibilidad a Pb++ por el método de dilución en placa, a concentraciones comprendidas entre 50 mg/L y 1.200 mg/L. De las cepas evaluadas, 223 exhibieron resistencia a plomo a concentraciones ≥ 50 mg/L. Dentro de este grupo se seleccionaron 22 aislados altamente resistentes a plomo (≥ 800 mg/L) con el objetivo de evaluar su resistencia a otros metales pesados, resistencia a antibióticos y determinar sus factores de virulencia. Todas las cepas seleccionadas mostraron alta sensibilidad a Hg++, un patrón variable de resistencia frente a Cd++ y Cr+6 y resistencia moderada a Ni++. Las cepas resultaron susceptibles a ampicilina y penicilina, y presentaron un patrón variable de resistencia a los restantes antibióticos ensayados. Entre los factores de virulencia, se detectó actividad de gelatinasa en dos cepas y sólo una cepa exhibió actividad hemolítica. Estos resultados sugieren una relación entre la resistencia a metales pesados, resistencia a antibióticos y factores de virulencia en cepas de Enterococcus aisladas del medio ambiente.
Contamination by heavy metals is a growing problem for public health and the use of bio-indicators are means for assessing anthropogenic pollution. In this study 730 Enterococcus strains were isolated from different sources of the region VIRCh - Valdés (Province of Chubut) were tested for sensibility to Pb++ by the plate dilution method at concentrations ranging from 50 mg/L to 1200 mg/L. A total of 223 strains displayed resistance to lead at concentration ≥ 50 mg/L. Among this group, and on the basis of its high resistance to lead (≥ 800 mg/L), 22 strains were selected with the goal to determine antibiotic and heavy metal resistance pattern and also the presence of virulence traits. All isolates showed high sensibility to Hg++, a variable pattern against Cd++ and Cr+6, and moderate resistance to Ni++. The strains were all susceptible to ampicillin and penicillin and displayed a variable pattern of resistance towards the remaining antibiotics assayed. Among the virulence traits determined, gelatinase production was detected in 2 strains and only one isolate showed hemolytic activity. The results obtained in this work suggest a relationship between heavy metal resistance, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in Enterococcus strains isolated from the environment.
