Oligonucleotide sensor based on magnetic capture and photoligation of upconverting nanoparticles in solid surfaces.

In this work, we present a luminescence platform that can be used as point of care system for determining the presence and concentration of specific oligonucleotide sequences. This sensor exhibited a limit of detection as low as 50 fM by means of: (i) the use of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) functionalized magnetic microparticles that captured and concentrated ssDNA-upconverting nanoparticles (ssDNA-UCNPs) on a solid support, when the target sequence (miR-21-5p DNA-analogue) was in the sample, and (ii) a photoligation reaction that covalently linked the ssDNA-UCNPs and the ssDNA magnetic microparticles, allowing stringent washes. The presented sensor showed a similar limit of detection when the assays were conducted in samples containing total miRNA extracted from human serum, demonstrating its suitability for detecting small specific oligonucleotide sequences under real-like conditions. The strategy of combining UCNPs, magnetic microparticles, and a photoligation reaction provides new insight into low-cost, rapid, and ultra-sensitive detection of oligonucleotide sequences.

Evaluation of extracellular vesicles and gDNA from culture medium as a possible indicator of developmental competence in human embryos.

Human embryos generated in vitro have a high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities that negatively affect pregnancy rate. Embryos generated in vitro secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the culture medium that could be used potentially as indicators of embryo competence. This research aimed to evaluate the concentration and size of EVs and their gDNA content as an indicator of developmental competence in human embryos. Human embryos generated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were classified morphologically as of either TOP, FAIR or POOR quality. Culture medium and developmentally arrested embryos (which were not able to be used for embryo transfer) were collected. Microvesicles, exosomes (MV/Exo) and apoptotic bodies (ABs) were isolated from culture medium. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis were performed to evaluate EVs and their gDNA content. From NTA, the diameter (mean) of MVs/Exo from TOP quality embryos was higher (112.17 nm) compared with that of FAIR (108.02) and POOR quality embryos (102.78 nm) (P < 0.05). aCGH analysis indicated that MVs/Exo and ABs carried gDNA with the presence of 23 chromosome pairs. However, when arrested embryos were compared with their respective MVs/Exo and ABs, the latter had an increased rate of chromosomal abnormalities (24.9%) compared with embryos (8.7%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the size of EVs from culture medium might be an alternative for evaluating competence of human embryos, however more studies are needed to validate the use of gDNA from EVs as an indicator of embryo competence.

Mejoría del control de la diabetes en atención primaria tras implantar un programa de atención con la determinación instantánea en sangre capilar de hemoglobina glucosilada / Improving diabetes control in primary care after implementing a program to measure capillary glycosylated hemoglobin

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención mixta, con componentes educativos, de autoevaluación y retroinformación, para optimizar el control de la diabetes mediante la consecución de concentración de HbA1c en sangre capilar. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio piloto, descriptivo, prospectivo, de un año de duración, en el Centro de Salud Primaria «El Carmen» (Área VII Murcia Este). Se incluyeron 266 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, mayores de 16 años. Cuando el paciente acudía a consulta se realizaba una determinación de HbA1c capilar instantánea utilizando un medidor de HbA1c DCA VANTAGE de SIEMENS. Los pacientes se separaron en 4 grupos dependiendo de los valores de HbA1c inicial y la necesidad o no de intensificar su tratamiento (A: buen control sin cambio de tratamiento [HbA1c < 7% y < 8% en mayores de 70 años]; B: buen control con intensificación; C: mal control sin cambios en tratamiento; y D: mal control con modificación del tratamiento). RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 66,36 ± 12,56 años y un IMC medio de 29,72 ± 4,92 kg/m2. La media inicial de HbA1c se situaba en 7,78 ± 1,57% y descendió hasta un valor medio de HbA1c final de 6,91 ± 1,07% (p < 0,001). Se objetivó un cambio en la «inercia terapéutica» de los profesionales del centro que lograron, con modificación del tratamiento, que el 74,81% de los pacientes con DM2 cumplieran sus objetivos de control de la diabetes, junto con un descenso de -0,34 ± 1,04 kg/m2 del IMC (p < 0,001) CONCLUSIONES: El control de la HbA1c instantánea supone un método rápido, simple y eficaz para conseguir un mayor control de la diabetes. Es necesario concienciar al personal sanitario en atención primaria a adoptar este tipo de intervención, tanto educativa y/o farmacológica en el tratamiento de todos los pacientes con DM2

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a joint intervention, with educational, self-evaluation and feedback components, in order to optimize diabetes control by measuring HbA1c in capillary blood. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, pilot study, of one year duration was carried out in the Primary Care Health Centre «El Carmen» (VII Area Murcia East). A total of 266 patients over 16 years old were included in the study. Instant capillary HbA1c (DCA VANTAGE de SIEMENS) was measured on patients who attended the clinics. The patients were divided into 4 different groups, depending on HbA1c values and the requirement of intensifying treatment (Group A: patients with good control of their diabetes (HbA1c < 7%, or 8% in patients over 70 years old) and no changes in the treatment; B: patients with good control of their diabetes and required changes in the treatment; C: patients with poor control and no changes in treatment (non-optimization criteria); and D: patients with poor control and treatment intensification). RESULTS: The mean age was 66.36 ± 12.56 years, and the body mass index (BMI) was 29.72 ± 4.92 kg/m2. The initial HbA1c mean value was 7.79 ± 1.57%, which decreased to a final HbA1c mean value of 6.91 ± 1.07% (P < .001). A change in the therapeutic inertia was searched by the healthcare personnel, who found that the 74.81% of the diabetic patients reached the control objectives. BMI decreased by -0.34 ± 1.04 kg/m2 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Instant capillary HbA1c is a simple, rapid and efficient method to improve diabetes control. It is necessary to sensitize the healthcare personnel in Primary Care to assume this kind of intervention, both educational and pharmacological, to improve values in type 2 diabetes patient

Psychoeducative groups help control type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to measure the impact of a psychoeducational group intervention in diabetes using glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), the body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) compared with conventional educational measures provided individually. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study (pre/post-intervention) with a non-equivalent control group was conducted, including 72 type 2 individuals with diabetes (mean data: age 63.08 years, HbA1C 6.98%, BMI 30.48 kg/m2).The beneficial effect of psychoeducational group therapy in the study group (PGT) was compared with conventional diabetes education in the control group (CG). RESULTS: The PGT had a higher mean HbA1c reduction (-0.51 ± 1.7 vs. -0.06 ± 0.53%, p 0.003), met the objectives of optimal control of HbA1c to a higher degree (80% vs. 48%, p 0.005) and greater mean weight reduction (-1.93 ± 3.57 vs. 0.52 ± 1.73 kg, p 0002) than the CG.A significant improvement in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was achieved in PGT (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PGT patients achieved a significant improvement in HbA1C, BMI and CVRF, and outperformed the conventional diabetes education group in achieving the optimal diabetes control objectives. Structural changes in the assistance programs should be considered to introduce these more efficient therapies for diabetes education in primary care.

Introducción: Los cambios en el estilo de vida mejoran el control de los diabéticos tipo 2, pero no sabemos cuales son las estrategias más eficientes para conseguir estos cambios. Hemos medido el impacto de una intervención psicoeducativa grupal en diabetes mediante hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), índice de masa corporal (IMC) y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Métodos: Se trata de un ensayo clínico controlado, randomizado y multicéntrico, de 72 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, edad media 63,08 AÑOs, 50% mujeres, HbA1c media 6.98% e IMC medio 30,48 kg/m2. Se comparó el efecto terapéutico de una intervención psicoeducativa grupal(GSE) con una educación diabetológica convencional (GC). Resultados: El GSE presentó una mayor reducción media de HbA1c, -0,51 ± 1,07 vs -0,06 ± 0,53% (p 0,003), un mayor grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de control óptimo de HbA1c, 80% vs 48% (p 0,005) y una mayor reducción media de peso, -1,93 ± 3,57 vs 0,52 ± 1,73 kg (p 0,002), que el GC. También se objetivó una mejoría significativa de colesterol total, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos, tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica en GSE (todas las p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los GSE de diabéticos tipo 2 consiguieron una mejoría significativa de HbA1c, IMC y FRCV, y superaron a la educación diabetológica convencional en el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de control óptimo de la diabetes. Debemos plantearnos cambios estructurales en nuestros programas asistenciales para introducir estos avances más eficientes en educación terapeútica de diabetes en atención primaria.

Relationship between volume and survival in closed intensive care units is weak and apparent only in mechanically ventilated patients.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have found an association between increased volume and increased intensive care unit (ICU) survival; however, this association might not hold true in ICUs with permanent intensivist coverage. Our objective was to determine whether ICU volume correlates with survival in the Spanish healthcare system. METHODS: Post hoc analysis of a prospective study of all patients admitted to 29 ICUs during 3 months. At ICU discharge, the authors recorded demographic variables, severity score, and specific ICU treatments. Follow-up variables included ICU readmission and hospital mortality. Statistics include logistic multivariate analyses for hospital mortality according to quartiles of volume of patients. RESULTS: The authors studied 4,001 patients with a mean predicted risk of death of 23% (range at hospital level: 14-46%). Observed hospital mortality was 19% (range at hospital level: 11-35%), resulting in a standardized mortality ratio of 0.81 (range: 0.5-1.3). Among the 1,923 patients needing mechanical ventilation, the predicted risk of death was 32% (14-60%) and observed hospital mortality was 30% (12-61%), resulting in a standardized mortality ratio of 0.96 (0.5-1.7). The authors found no correlation between standardized mortality ratio and ICU volume in the entire population or in mechanically ventilated patients. Only mechanically ventilated patients in very low-volume ICUs had slightly worse outcome. CONCLUSION: In the currently studied healthcare system characterized by 24/7 intensivist coverage, the authors found wide variability in outcome among ICUs even after adjusting for severity of illness but no relationship between ICU volume and outcome. Only mechanically ventilated patients in very low-volume centers had slightly worse outcomes.

Psychoeducative groups help control type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting / La terapia psicoeducativa grupal en atención primaria ayuda en el control de la diabetes tipo 2

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to measure the impact of a psychoeducational group intervention in diabetes using glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), the body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) compared with conventional educational measures provided individually. Methods: A quasi-experimental study (pre/post-intervention) with a non-equivalent control group was conducted, including 72 type 2 individuals with diabetes (mean data: age 63.08 years, HbA1C 6.98%, BMI 30.48 kg/m2). The beneficial effect of psychoeducational group therapy in the study group (PGT) was compared with conventional diabetes education in the control group (CG). Results: The PGT had a higher mean HbA1c reduction (-0.51 ± 1.7 vs. -0.06 ± 0.53%, p 0.003), met the objectives of optimal control of HbA1c to a higher degree (80% vs. 48%, p 0.005) and greater mean weight reduction (-1.93 ± 3.57 vs. 0.52 ± 1.73 kg, p 0002) than the CG.A significant improvement in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was achieved in PGT (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: PGT patients achieved a significant improvement in HbA1C, BMI and CVRF, and outperformed the conventional diabetes education group in achieving the optimal diabetes control objectives. Structural changes in the assistance programs should be considered to introduce these more efficient therapies for diabetes education in primary care (AU)

Introducción: Los cambios en el estilo de vida mejoran el control de los diabéticos tipo 2, pero no sabemos cuales son las estrategias más eficientes para conseguir estos cambios. Hemos medido el impacto de una intervención psicoeducativa grupal en diabetes mediante hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), índice de masa corporal (IMC) y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Métodos: Se trata de un ensayo clínico controlado, randomizado y multicéntrico, de 72 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, edad media 63,08 años, 50% mujeres, HbA1c media 6.98% e IMC medio 30,48 kg/m2. Se comparó el efecto terapéutico de una intervención psicoeducativa grupal (GSE) con una educación diabetológica convencional (GC).Resultados: El GSE presentó una mayor reducción media de HbA1c, -0,51 ± 1,07 vs -0,06 ± 0,53% (p 0,003), un mayor grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de control óptimo de HbA1c, 80% vs 48% (p 0,005) y una mayor reducción media de peso, -1,93 ± 3,57 vs 0,52 ± 1,73 kg (p 0,002), que el GC. También se objetivó una mejoría significativa de colesterol total, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos, tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica en GSE (todas las p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los GSE de diabéticos tipo 2 consiguieron una mejoría significativa de HbA1c, IMC y FRCV, y superaron a la educación diabetológica convencional en el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de control óptimo de la diabetes. Debemos plantearnos cambios estructurales en nuestros programas asistenciales para introducir estos avances más eficientes en educación terapeútica de diabetes en atención primaria (AU)

Intensive care unit discharge to the ward with a tracheostomy cannula as a risk factor for mortality: a prospective, multicenter propensity analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of decannulation before intensive care unit discharge on ward survival in nonexperimental conditions. DESIGN: Prospective, observational survey. SETTING: Thirty-one intensive care units throughout Spain. PATIENTS: All patients admitted from March 1, 2008 to May 31, 2008. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At intensive care unit discharge, we recorded demographic variables, severity score, and intensive care unit treatments, with special attention to tracheostomy. After intensive care unit discharge, we recorded intensive care unit readmission and hospital survival. STATISTICS: Multivariate analyses for ward mortality, with Cox proportional hazard ratio adjusted for propensity score for intensive care unit decannulation. We included 4,132 patients, 1,996 of whom needed mechanical ventilation. Of these, 260 (13%) were tracheostomized and 59 (23%) died in the intensive care unit. Of the 201 intensive care unit tracheostomized survivors, 60 were decannulated in the intensive care unit and 141 were discharged to the ward with cannulae in place. Variables associated with intensive care unit decannulation (non-neurologic disease [85% vs. 64%], vasoactive drugs [90% vs. 76%], parenteral nutrition [55% vs. 33%], acute renal failure [37% vs. 23%], and good prognosis at intensive care unit discharge [40% vs. 18%]) were included in a propensity score model for decannulation. Crude ward mortality was similar in decannulated and nondecannulated patients (22% vs. 23%); however, after adjustment for the propensity score and Sabadell Score, the presence of a tracheostomy cannula was not associated with any survival disadvantage with an odds ratio of 0.6 [0.3-1.2] (p=.1). CONCLUSION: In our multicenter setting, intensive care unit discharge before decannulation is not a risk factor.

Memorias para la historia de la medicina en Santafé de Bogotá: capítulos IV y V / Memories for the history of medicine in Santafé de Bogotá: chapters IV and V

Médicos y naturalistas ilustres que prestaron servi­cios a la causa de la independencia americana. -Funda el doctor Merizalde una Cátedra de Medici­na en el Colegio de San Bartolomé. -Epidemias de coqueluche y de viruela. - Providencias tomadas para contener la última. -Rapacidad de un Jefe es­pañol. Devolución del edificio y rentas del Colegio Mayor del Rosario. - Dictadura de don Juan Sámano. -El Médico Inspector del Ejército Expedi­cionario se radica en Santafé. -Primera Academia de Medicina que existió en esta ciudad. -Sus miem­bros. -Raras circunstancias que acompañaron su creación. Fin de la guerra de la independencia. -Diversos nombramientos. -Libros científicos que había en el país. -Introducción de nuevos textos.

Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1)v in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with influenza A (H1N1)v infection have developed rapidly progressive lower respiratory tract disease resulting in respiratory failure. We describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the first 32 persons reported to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to influenza A (H1N1)v infection in Spain. METHODS: We used medical chart reviews to collect data on ICU adult patients reported in a standardized form. Influenza A (H1N1)v infection was confirmed in specimens using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT PCR) assay. RESULTS: Illness onset of the 32 patients occurred between 23 June and 31 July, 2009. The median age was 36 years (IQR = 31 - 52). Ten (31.2%) were obese, 2 (6.3%) pregnant and 16 (50%) had pre-existing medical complications. Twenty-nine (90.6%) had primary viral pneumonitis, 2 (6.3%) exacerbation of structural respiratory disease and 1 (3.1%) secondary bacterial pneumonia. Twenty-four patients (75.0%) developed multiorgan dysfunction, 7 (21.9%) received renal replacement techniques and 24 (75.0%) required mechanical ventilation. Six patients died within 28 days, with two additional late deaths. Oseltamivir administration delay ranged from 2 to 8 days after illness onset, 31.2% received high-dose (300 mg/day), and treatment duration ranged from 5 to 10 days (mean 8.0 +/- 3.3). CONCLUSIONS: Over a 5-week period, influenza A (H1N1)v infection led to ICU admission in 32 adult patients, with frequently observed severe hypoxemia and a relatively high case-fatality rate. Clinicians should be aware of pulmonary complications of influenza A (H1N1)v infection, particularly in pregnant and young obese but previously healthy persons.