Thromboembolic risk scores in patients with non-obstructive coronary architecture with and without coronary slow flow: A case-control study.

AIM: Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) detected on coronary angiography (CA) has been related to poor prognosis. We sought to examine the relationship between thromboembolic risk scores, routinely used in cardiology practice, and CSFP. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective, case-control study comprised 505 individuals suffering from angina and had verified ischemia between January 2021 and January 2022. Demographic and laboratory parameters were obtained from the hospital database. The following risk scores were calculated; CHA2DS2-VASc, M-CHA2DS2-VASc, CHA2DS2-VASc-HS, R2-CHA2DS2-VASc, M-R2-CHA2DS2-VASc, ATRIA, M-ATRIA, M-ATRIA-HSV. The overall population was divided into two groups; coronary slow flow and coronary normal flow. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to compare risk scores between patients with and without CSFP. Pairwise comparisons were then undertaken to test performance in determining CSFP. RESULTS: The mean age was 51.7 ± 10.7 years, of whom 63.2% were male. CSFP was detected in 222 patients. Those with CSFP had higher rates of male gender, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and vascular disease. All scores were higher in CSFP patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that CHA2DS2-VASc-HS score was the most powerful determinant of CSFP among all risk schemes (for each one-point increase in score OR = 1.90, p < 0.001; for score of 2-3 OR = 5.20, p < 0.001; for score of >4 OR = 13.89, p < 0.001). Also, the CHA2DS2-VASc-HS score provided the best discriminative performance, with a cut-off value of ≥2 in identifying CSFP (AUC = 0.759, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We showed that thromboembolic risk scores may be associated with CSFP in patients with non-obstructive coronary architecture who underwent CA. The CHA2DS2-VASc-HS score had the best discriminative ability.

Real-World Evaluation of Anticoagulant Treatment Patterns in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Data from Multicenter ROTA Study.

OBJECTIVE: Oral anticoagulant therapy is the cornerstone of atrial fibrillation management to prevent stroke and systemic embolism. However, there is limited real-world information regarding stroke and systemic embolism prevention strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation. The aim of the ROTA study is to obtain the real-world data of anticoagulant treatment patterns in patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS: The ROTA study is a prospective, multicenter, and observational study that included 2597 patients with atrial fibrillation. The study population was recruited from 41 cardiology outpatient clinics between January 2021 and May 2021. RESULTS: The median age of the study population was 72 years (range: 22-98 years) and 57.4% were female. The median CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores were 4 (range: 0-9) and 1 (range: 0-6), respectively. Vitamin K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants were used in 15.9% and 79.4% of patients, respectively. The mean time in therapeutic range was 52.9% for patients receiving vitamin K antagonists, and 76% of those patients had an inadequate time in therapeutic range with <70%. The most common prescribed direct oral anticoagulants were rivaroxaban (38.1%), apixaban (25.5%), and edoxaban (11.2%). The rate of overuse of vitamin K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants was high (76.1%) in patients with low stroke risk, and more than one-fourth of patients on direct oral anticoagulant therapy were receiving a reduced dose of direct oral anticoagulants. Among patients who were on direct oral anticoagulant treatment, patients with apixaban treatment were older, had higher CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, and had lower creatinine clearance than the patients receiving other direct oral anticoagulants. CONCLUSIONS: The ROTA study provides important real-world information about anticoagulant treatment patterns in patients with atrial fibrillation.time in therapeutic range with <70%.

Impact of Naples Prognostic Score at Admission on In-Hospital and Follow-Up Outcomes Among Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

The Naples prognostic score (NPS) consists of cholesterol level, albumin concentration, lymphocyte-to-monocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and reflects systemic inflammation, malnutrition, and survival for various conditions. We investigated the relationship of NPS at admission with in-hospital and follow-up outcomes among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. This retrospective study included 1887 consecutive patients diagnosed with STEMI and who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention between March 2020 and May 2022. The study population was divided by NPS into 2; low (0-1-2) and high (3-4). In-hospital adverse events and all-cause mortality rates during follow-up were extracted from the registry. The Median follow-up time was 15 months. The overall mortality rate was 14.6%. The proportions of in-hospital events that included acute respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, malignant arrhythmia, and mortality were significantly higher in the high NPS group than in the low NPS group. Compared with the baseline model, in the full model of Cox regression analysis; NPS was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 2.49, 95%CI, 1.75-3.50, P < .001), with a significant improvement in model performance (likelihood ratio χ2, P < .001) and better calibration. In conclusion, we found an association between NPS and in-hospital and follow-up outcomes in STEMI patients.

Gender-Dependent Comparison of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiographic Characteristics among Patients with Suspected Atherosclerosis: A Single-Center Experience.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to examine gender-based differences in coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, the presence and severity of atherosclerosis, and the distribution of plaque type in patients presenting with chest pain. METHODS: A total of 1496 patients who applied to our cardiology outpatient clinic with chest pain and underwent computed coronary tomographic angiography (CTA) between August 2020 and October 2021 were included in the study. Plaque characteristics, Agatston score, and Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) score obtained from the patients' CTAs were compared by gender. RESULTS: Of the 1496 patients evaluated, 47.9% were female. Coronary atherosclerosis was detected in 35.4% of females and 52.9% of males (P <0.001). Diabetes mellitus [155 (21.8%) vs. 123 (15.7%); P <0.001] and hypertension [271 (38.1%) vs. 249 (32%); P <0.001] rates were higher in females than in males. Plaque burden and high-risk plaque rate were found to be higher in males (P <0.001). Next, the rate of moderate-to-high coronary artery stenosis (CAD-RADS ≥3) was observed at 21.6% in men and 12.2% in women (P <0.001). Agatston score was found to be higher in males than in females for all age groups (P <0.001). The severity of CAD increased sharply with age in females (P interaction = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Although female patients demonstrated higher rates of traditional risk factors, the male gender was associated with increased coronary plaque burden, high-risk plaque, CADRADS, and Agatston scores. Therefore, patient-based approaches that consider gender-related differences could provide effective treatment and follow-up.

PrevAleNce and Associated factors of inappropriaTe dosing of direct Oral anticoaguLants In pAtients with Atrial Fibrillation: the ANATOLIA-AF Study.

PURPOSE: Inappropriate dosing of direct oral anticoagulants is associated with an increased risk of stroke, systemic embolism, major bleeding, cardiovascular hospitalization, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation. The main goal of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of inappropriate dosing of direct oral anticoagulants in real-life settings. METHODS: This study was a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study that included 2004 patients with atrial fibrillation. The study population was recruited from 41 cardiology outpatient clinics between January and May 2021. The main criteria for inappropriate direct oral anticoagulant dosing were defined according to the recommendations of the European Heart Rhythm Association. RESULTS: The median age of the study population was 72 years and 58% were women. Nine-hundred and eighty-seven patients were prescribed rivaroxaban, 658 apixaban, 239 edoxaban, and 120 dabigatran. A total of 498 patients (24.9%) did not receive the appropriate dose of direct oral anticoagulants. In a logistic regression model, advanced age, presence of chronic kidney disease and permanent atrial fibrillation, prescription of reduced doses of direct oral anticoagulants or edoxaban treatment, concomitant use of amiodarone treatment, and non-use of statin treatment were significantly associated with potentially inappropriate dosing of direct oral anticoagulants. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that the prevalence of inappropriate direct oral anticoagulant dosing according to the European Heart Rhythm Association recommendations was 24.9% in patients with atrial fibrillation. Several demographic and clinical factors were associated with the inappropriate prescription of direct oral anticoagulants.

The prognostic value of the nutritional prognostic index (NPI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scoring systems in non-ST elevated myocardial infarction patients over 65 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional status and metabolic responses to inflammation changes with age and comorbid conditions. AIMS: We aimed to compare the predictive values of the nutritional prognostic index (NPI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) Score systems with the GRACE score in elderly (non-ST elevated myocardial infarction) NSTEMI patients. METHODS: NSTEMI patients over 65 years of age have been included in this study. The factors affecting mortality were determined by regression analysis. ROC curve analysis were performed and predictiveness of the scores was tested. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 74.49 ± 7.60 years, median GRACE and NPI scores were 118 (107-131.50 IQR) and 50.10 (45.30-54.27 IQR), respectively, and CONUT scores ≥ 3 were 24.4% of all patients. 32 (15.6%) patients died within 6 months. White blood cells and albumin levels maintain their significance in the multivariate regression analysis (OR: 1.386; 0.025, p < 0.001, respectively). ROC curve analysis of NPI, CONUT, Killip, and GRACE scores were performed (AUC: 0.757; 0.744; 0.725; 0.800, p < 0.001, respectively). DISCUSSIONS: The frequency of NSTEMI increases with the effect of increasing age and comorbid conditions. The NPI and CONUT scoring systems have been tested in many previous studies to predict the prognosis of both malignancy and cardiovascular diseases. What makes this scoring system valuable for our study is the thought that our study group will be more prone to malnutrition because they are old and present with an acute presentation. CONCLUSIONS: NPI and CONUT scoring systems have been successful at rates approaching the GRACE score system, which is used primarily to predict the prognosis of NSTEMI.

Long-term results of long segment coronary artery lesions overlapped with novolimus-eluting DESolve scaffold: Disappointment or futuristic?

OBJECTIVE: The data on using novolimus-eluting DESolve bioresorbable scaffolds (BVS) for long-segment coronary artery lesions remains insufficient. In this study, our main objective was to assess the long-term effects of the overlapping applications of both DESolve-DESolve and the drug-eluting stent (DES)-DESolve. METHODS: A single-centered study of 103 patients scheduled for DESolve placement for long-segment lesions (>28 mm) was conducted (October 2013 to November 2016). A DESolve-DESolve overlap was used on 43 patients and a DES-DESolve overlap on 60 patients. Acute procedural success and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (stent thrombosis, targeted vessel revascularization, targeted lesion revascularization, and cardiac death) were evaluated. The patients were followed up for 48 months. RESULTS: Revascularization was performed on 4 (6.7%) patients in the DES-DESolve group and 5 (11.6%) patients in the DESolve-DESolve group for target lesion revascularization. Among the study population, 10 (9.7%) patients had MACE, including 5 (8.3%) patients in the DES-DESolve group and 5 (11.6%) patients in the DESolve-DESolve group. CONCLUSION: The positive results of our study concerning the use of DESolve for the treatment of long coronary lesions demonstrate that BVS will emerge with new platforms and become non-inferior to the DES.

Comparison of ventricular repolarization parameters of Covid-19 patients diagnosed with chest CT and RT-PCR.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the comparison is to evaluate the marker of ventricular repolarization parameters such as QT, QTc, cQT, Tp-e, Tp-e/QT, Tp-e/QTc, Tp-e/JT and Tp-e/JTc ratios and the risk of ventricular arrhtythmias in patients with newly diagnosed Covid-19. METHODS: The study included 2 separate groups. The first one consisted of 96 positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Covid-19 patients and the second one of 106 patients with negative PCR but positive chest computed tomography (CT) findings consistent with Covid-19. We measured QTmax, QTmin, QRS, JT and Tp-e intervals and estimated Tp-e/QT max, Tp- e/QTc max, Tp-e/JT and Tp-e/JTc rates and QTc max, QTc min, cQTd and JTc intervals. RESULTS: QT max, QT min, JT, cQTd, Tp-e, Tp-e/QT max, Tp-e/QTc max, Tp-e/JT, Tp-e/JTc values were significantly higher in RT-PCR Covid-19 patient group. CONCLUSION: Positive RT-PCR Covid-19 patients should be followed more closely, in terms of high ventricular repolarization parameters and preventing ventricular arrhythmias that may develop due to this.

Impact of surgical weight loss on novel P-wave-related variables which are nominated as predictors of atrial arrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery has been associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in obese patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the alterations of novel P-wave related atrial arrhythmia predictors in patients who achieved effective weight loss with bariatric surgery. METHODS: The study included 58 patients who underwent bariatric surgery. We measured heart rate, PR, P wave (PW) max, PW min, Average P axis, P wave peak time (PWPT) in lead D2 and lead V1, terminal force in lead V1 (V1TF), and we estimated P wave dispersion (PWdis) interval both pre-operation and 6 months after operation. RESULTS: Heart rate, PR, PW max, PW min, PWdis, Average P axis, PWPTD2, PWPTV1 and V1TF values, which were close to the upper limit in the pre-op period, showed statistically significant decreases at 6 months after the operation. The most prominent changes were observed in PW dis (51.15 ± 9.70 ms vs. 48.79 ± 9.50 ms, p = .010), PWPTD2 (55.75 ± 6.91 ms vs. 50.59 ± 7.67 ms, p < .001), PWPTV1 (54.10 ± 7.06 ms vs. 48.05 ± 7.64 ms, p < .001) and V1TF (25 [43.1%] vs. 12 [20.7%], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicated that bariatric surgery has positive effects on the regression of ECG parameters which are predictors of atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF).

Evaluation of Changes in Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss after bariatric surgery has been associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and overall mortality in obese patients. In this study, we aimed to analyze the changes between pre-operation and post-operation ventricular arrhythmia predictors in patients who underwent bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 58 patients who underwent bariatric surgery. We measured QT max, QT min, QRS, JT, and Tp-e intervals, and we estimated Tp-e/QT max, Tp-e/QTc max, Tp-e/JT, Tp-e/JTc rates, QTc max, QTc min, cQTd, and JTc intervals both pre-op and 6 months post-op. RESULTS: Heart rate, PR, QT max, QTc max, QTc min, cQTd, JTc, Tp-e, Tp-e/QT max, Tp-e/QTc max, Tp-e/JT, and Tp-e/JTc values, which were close to the upper limit in the pre-op period, showed statistically significant decreases at 6 months post-op. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that bariatric surgery had positive effects on the regression of ventricular repolarization parameters and the possible development of ventricular arrhythmia.

Outcomes of the novolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold in real world clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Most of the current data regarding the use of bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) come from everolimus-eluting stent platforms. Adverse events with the everolimus-eluting BRSs which are the most comprehensively characterized BRS, hampered the clinical use of other BRS. There is paucity of published data regarding long term use of novolimus-eluting BRS. METHODS: This study sought to evaluate the performance of novolimus-eluting BRS device at midterm follow-up in real world clinical practice. One hundred and forty-four patients (mean age 57.5±9.7 years, 78.5% male) treated with 206 scaffolds between October 2015 and December 2017 were enrolled. A device-oriented composite endpoint (DOCE) comprising cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction (TV-MI), clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) and rate of scaffold thrombosis were investigated. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 33±9 months, DOCE occurred in 9 patients (6.3%) of which cardiac death occurred in 2 patients (1.4%), and clinically driven TLR in 7 patients (4.9%), TV-MI in one patient. Target vessel revascularization (TVR) was observed in nine patients. None of the patients experienced scaffold thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: The use of novolimus-eluting BRS in this real-world population achieved good clinical outcomes.

Short- and long-term outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions of high-risk vs. low-risk lesions performed at a hospital without an on-site cardiac surgery unit.

Aim    Widespread utilization of technology has led to the construction of a growing number of facilities with coronary angiography units and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability. Some of these centers do not have cardiovascular surgery (CVS) on site. Studies regarding the efficacy and safety of PCIs performed at these hospitals have been conducted. However, to date, high-risk procedures in this context have not been evaluated. The present study compares the outcomes of PCI procedures performed on high- and low-risk lesions groups in a center without CVS back-up.Material and methods    A total of 999 patients treated with PCI with diagnoses other than ST elevation myocardial infarction were included in this study. Patients with SYNTAX scores 22 or higher, bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusions, left main coronary artery lesions and saphenous graft lesions were classified as a high-risk group. In contrast, patients with SYNTAX scores lower than 22 were included in the low-risk group. Coronary lesions were classified as Type-A, B, and C. The 30­day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and 1­year target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates were compared.Results    There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the rates of MACE (2 (0.9 %) vs 5 (0.6 %); p=0.64) and TVR (9 (4.2 %) vs 25 (3.2 %); p=0.52). Analysis regarding the lesion type also revealed no significant difference between the MACE and TVR rates (p=0.56 and p=0.43, respectively).Conclusions    The findings in this study demonstrated that, similar to low-risk procedures, complex and high-risk coronary interventions can safely and effectively be conducted in hospitals without a CVS unit.

A novel predictor of radial spasm: arterial stiffness.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between radial artery spasm (RAS) and arterial stiffness (AS) measured by the oscillometric method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 123 consecutive patients scheduled for elective coronary angiography in a single default radial center were enrolled for the study. AS [namely, augmentation pressure; augmentation index (AIx); and pulse wave velocity] was assessed using a validated oscillometric device (Mobil-O-Graph NG 24 h PWA). Central arterial pressures were also recorded. In the cath lab, the number of puncture attempts, total procedural time (TPT), and largest catheter size were noted. If greater than two catheters were required to complete imaging, it was additionally specified. RAS was considered to exist if two or more of predefined clinical features were present. RESULTS: RAS was observed in 20 (16.3%) patients. Patients were divided into two distinct groups in terms of the occurence of RAS. In the RAS(+) group, the proportion of hypertensive individuals was significantly higher, whereas there were fewer smokers. With respect to operational data, TPT (24.3±9.8 vs. 29.3±9.1 mins; P=0.038) and procedures carried out with more than one puncture attempts were significantly higher in the RAS(+) group. Among all oscillometric parameters, augmentation pressure, AIx, and PR were found to be higher in the RAS(+) group. According to multivariate analysis, TPT (P=0.029) and AIx (odds ratio: 1.044, 95% confidence interval=0.977-1.117; P=0.009) were found to be independent predictors of RAS. CONCLUSION: Along with conventional risk factors, AS assessment, as a practical, noninvasive method, may help to predict RAS in angiographic procedures.

The relationship between the S-wave in lead 1 and recurrence of RVOT PVC ablation.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (CA) is a common non-pharmacological treatment option for ventricular premature contractions (PVCs) originating from right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between recurrence after CA for RVOT-PVC and S-wave in lead 1 that was shown to be associated with RVOT depolarization. METHODOLOGY: A total of 104 patients who were referred to our clinic for CA for idiopathic RVOT-PVC between 2012 and 2015years were enrolled. All ECG parameters were measured before and after the ablation procedure. RESULTS: Ablation was successful in 100 patients (96,1%). These patients with successful ablation were followed for a mean duration of 1078days. 13 patients (13%) had recurrence. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed age (odds ratio: 1.916, p:0,012), presence of post-procedural S1 (odds ratio:1.040 p:0,028), post-procedural S1 area (oddsratio:1.023 p:0,041), ΔS1 area (odds ratio:1.242 p:0,004) as predictors for recurrence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis detected age (odds ratio:1.053 p:0,032) and ΔS1 area (odds ratio:0.701 p:0,009) as predictors for recurrence. CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency CA for RVOT-PVC can be performed with high procedural success and low complication rates. Age and ΔS1 area might be helpful for prediction of recurrence after CA.

Pocket haematoma after cardiac electronic device implantation in patients receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment: a single-centre experience.

Objective In modern cardiology practice, implantation of cardiac electronic devices in patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy is a common clinical scenario. Bleeding complications are of particular concern in this patient population and pocket haematoma is one of the most frequent complications. We sought to determine the relationship between periprocedural antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy and pocket haematoma formation in patients undergoing cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation. Methods We conducted a retrospective study including 232 consecutive patients undergoing CIED implantation in the department of cardiology of the Medipol University Hospital. Patients were divided into six groups: clopidogrel group (n = 12), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) group (n = 73), ASA + clopidogrel group (n = 29), warfarin group (n = 34), warfarin + ASA group (n = 21) and no antiplatelet-anticoagulant therapy group as the control group (n = 63). CIED implantations were stratified under four subtitles including implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), permanent pacemaker and the last group as either device upgrade or generator replacement. Results The mean age of the patients was 63 ± 14 years and 140 patients were male (60.3%). A pocket haematoma was documented in 6 of 232 patients (2.6%). None of the patients with pocket haematoma needed pocket exploration or blood transfusion. The type of the device did not have a significant effect on pocket haematoma incidence (P = 0.250). Univariate logistic regression showed that platelet level and ASA plus clopidogrel use were significantly associated with haematoma frequency after CIED implantations, respectively (OR: 0.977, CI 95% [0.958-0.996]; OR: 16.080, CI 95% [2.801-92.306]). Multivariate analysis revealed that dual antiplatelet treatment (ß = 3.016, P = 0.002, OR: 2.410, 95% CI [3.042-136.943]) and baseline platelet level (ß = -0.027, p:0.025, OR: 0.974, 95% CI [0.951-0.997]) were independent risk factors for pocket haematoma formation. Conclusion Dual antiplatelet therapy and low platelet levels significantly increased the risk of pocket haematoma formation in patients undergoing CIED implantations.

Real-life data regarding acute procedural success and 1-year clinical outcome of desolve bioresorbable scaffolds.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the peri-procedural success of DESolve bio-resorbable scaffolds (BRSs) and analyzed real-life data about major cardiac events during 1-year follow-up. BACKGROUND: There is little information about real-life data of DESolve BRS which is a novel stent technology offering various advantages over drug eluting stents and commonly used in daily cardiology practice. METHODS: We conducted this single-center and non-randomized cross-sectional study from June 2015 through August 2016 in Medipol University Department of Cardiology and included 117 patients undergoing single or multivessel percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with novolimus-eluting BRS devices (152 scaffolds) (Elixir Medical Corporation). Study end points were acute device and procedural success, scaffold thrombosis and major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates of DESolve BRS. RESULTS: Device success was 96.7% and procedural success was 99.3%. We detected MACE rate as 0.9% while clinical-driven target lesion revascularization was performed in one patient. None of the patients experienced scaffold thrombosis or death. Peri-procedural complications were reported in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of successful scaffold implantations, low rates of peri-procedural complications, and major cardiac events in long-term suggest that DESolve scaffolds can safely and effectively be used in daily intervention practice by particularly experienced operators.