ABSTRACT
Within the East African Rift System (EARS), the complex Ali-Sabieh aquifers system, located in the south of the Republic of Djibouti, was overexploited and subjected to anthropogenic and/or geogenic pollution with high concentrations of dissolved nitrate (up to 181 mg/l) and sulfates (up to 1540 mg/l). This study is the first undertaken on the hydrochemistry of this aquifer system, combining geochemical tools and multi-isotope - δ2H(H2O), δ18O(H2O), δ18O(SO4), δ34S(SO4), δ15N(NO3), δ18O(NO3), δ13C(DIC), and 14C- was used to decipher the origin and fate of different nitrate and sulfate sources to groundwater. The groundwater samples of the region show a chemical evolution from fresh Ca(Na)-bicarbonate to brackish Na-Cl , mainly due to water-rock interaction. The combined chloride and water isotope data show that evaporation and transpiration are present, with the latter occurring primarily in the shallow alluvial aquifer waters. Inspection of δ15N(NO3) vs. δ18O(NO3) and NO3/Cl vs. Cl diagrams show that dissolved nitrates are primarily of anthropogenic origin. In particular, higher nitrate concentrations may be related to animal manure used as organic fertilizers during agricultural activities. Sulfates are from a natural origin related to the interaction of water with gypsum of hydrothermal or sedimentary origin. SO4/Cl ratio and isotopic composition show that dissolved sulfates in saline and ancient groundwater of the Cretaceous sandstone aquifer (between 7.4 ± 2.2 and 5.8 ± 1.4 k-years before the present) are generated by interaction with gypsum from oxidation of pre-existing (Jurassic?) sulfides. This work highlight that isotopic ratios of the two molecules -δ18O(SO4), δ34S(SO4), δ15N(NO3), δ18O(NO3)- are not sufficient for tracing the origin of nitrate and sulfates in groundwater, but that a complete hydrogeochemical study is needed. In the absence of this, the relatively high concentration of chloride and sulfates could be wrongly linked to the anthropogenic source of nitrate (manure or sewage).
Subject(s)
Groundwater , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Djibouti , Environmental Monitoring , Nitrates/analysis , Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis , Sulfates , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The preparation under protic conditions of the first µ-hydroxo dicopper(I)-NHC complex is reported. Its application as a CuAAC catalyst was investigated, evidencing a remarkable enhancement of catalytic efficiency in the presence of 4,7-dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline and highlighting the beneficial effect of the absence of coordinating halides.
ABSTRACT
Azide-tagged Cu(I)-NHC reacts in an 'auto-click' process to furnish complexes functionalized by 1,2,3-triazoles bearing diverse substituents. The resulting Cu(I) complexes are amenable to further transmetallation to Au(I). The whole strategy proceeds with mild conditions and constitutes an efficient entry to functionalised metal-NHCs with biorelevant moieties.
Subject(s)
Copper/chemistry , Gold/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Click Chemistry , Coordination Complexes/chemical synthesis , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Coordination Complexes/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Microscopy, Confocal , Molecular Conformation , Triazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
The in situ preparation of chiral amido alkyl ate yttrium complexes from an array of chiral N-benzyl-like-substituted binaphthyldiamines is reported. These chiral heteroleptic complexes are shown to be efficient catalysts for the enantioselective intramolecular hydroamination of primary amines tethered to sterically demanding alkenes at high reaction temperatures. Fine tuning of their chiral environment allowed up to 77% ee to be reached for the cyclization of aminoalkenes bearing 1,2-dialkyl-substituted carbon-carbon double bonds. These chiral complexes also demonstrate the ability to promote the cyclization of amine-tethered trisubstituted alkenes in up to 55% ee, as the first report of the formation of enantioenriched quaternary centers by an hydroamination reaction.
