ABSTRACT
Inflammation and its mediators have an important role in gingivitis and periodontitis. Prostaglandin is one of the eicosanoid involved in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontal diseases. Aspirin irreversibly acetylates cyclooxygenase and inactivate this enzyme responsible for the production of PGE2 that mediates pain and inflammation. The aim of the study was to prepare aspirin gel and mouthwash in 1% concentration and use it in patients with periodontal diseases during the non-surgical periodontal treatment and to assess its anti-inflammatory effects on salivary biomarkers PGE2, TNF-α, and nitric oxide. Thirty patients were divided into three treatment groups, standard treatment group, second received scaling and root planning with gel application of 1% aspirin, third received scaling and root planning followed by rinsing with 1% aspirin mouthwash. Results indicated that the levels of PGE2, TNF-α and nitric oxide in the groups of patients received gel treatment and mouthwash treatment was decreased to significant levels (p<0.001) as compared to the group of standard treatment. Aspirin gel was found to be more effective in reducing inflammatory biomarkers in contrast to aspirin mouthwash (p<0.001). We concluded from our study, that low concentration of aspirin oral preparations are highly active in reducing the inflammatory biomarkers associated with periodontal diseases.
Subject(s)
Aspirin/pharmacology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Mouthwashes/pharmacology , Periodontal Diseases/drug therapy , Periodontal Diseases/metabolism , Saliva/metabolism , Adult , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Dinoprostone/metabolism , Female , Gels/pharmacology , Gingivitis/drug therapy , Gingivitis/metabolism , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Periodontitis/drug therapy , Periodontitis/metabolism , Saliva/drug effects , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Young AdultABSTRACT
Amitriptyline, an agent universally used to treat depression, has an anti-inflammatory activity and a potential for lowering inflammatory mediators. Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis if untreated contributes to gingival tissue destruction and bone resorption. These diseases are commonly treated with conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics along with standard periodontal treatment. The aim of this experimental, observational and randomized clinical control trial was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of amitriptyline on clinical parameters and on inflammatory biomarkers in patients of periodontal diseases by developing 1% oral gel and mouthwash formulations. 30 patients participated in the study were grouped in three categories, patients received standard conventional treatment, patients received gel treatment for four weeks after standard treatment, patients received mouthwash for four weeks after standard periodontal treatment. Results showed that amitriptyline gel and mouthwash in 1% formulation showed promising results by significantly reducing periodontal parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (p<0.001) as compared to standard treatment. Thus, we suggest that gel and mouthwash formulation of amitriptyline is highly efficacious in treating the periodontal diseases.
Subject(s)
Amitriptyline/administration & dosage , Mouthwashes/administration & dosage , Periodontal Diseases/drug therapy , Periodontitis/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Biomarkers/metabolism , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Female , Gingiva/drug effects , Gingiva/metabolism , Gingivitis/drug therapy , Gingivitis/metabolism , Humans , Male , Periodontal Diseases/metabolism , Periodontitis/metabolismABSTRACT
Simvastatin is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug which reduces the cholesterol synthesis and also has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-microbial action against the bacteria. This develops the interest of periodontologist to use it in combination with conventional treatment to treat periodontal diseases. The objective of the study was to develop the gel and mouthwash of simvastatin and use it locally to treat gingivitis and periodontitis as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups that were standard treatment group, gel treatment group and mouthwash treatment group. Results indicated that simvastatin gel and mouthwash in 1% preparation showed favorable results by significantly reducing periodontal parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (p<0.001) as compared to standard treatment. Thus, we strongly suggest the use of simvastatin by local drug delivery system as an adjunct treatment of scaling and root planning.
