A review of the injuries caused by occupational footwear.

BACKGROUND: Occupational footwear is intended to provide protection against the risks associated with work activities. The choice of footwear is complex due to the welfare, health and safety conditions of workers. AIMS: To identify the injuries and problems caused by occupational footwear through a systematic review of the existing literature. METHODS: A literature search was carried out in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Dialnet Plus, Pubmed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases over the period 2000-23, following the PRISMA Declaration guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies were included in the review. The results indicated that there is a wide variety of injuries caused by occupational footwear: from dermal injuries (e.g. calluses) and injuries to the nail apparatus to inflammatory pathologies such as plantar fasciitis or bursitis. In addition, inappropriate footwear can cause pain in the ankle and foot, knees, hips and lower back. Other results include the discomfort derived from the footwear itself. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate footwear can cause injuries to the foot and other related bone structures. Further studies are needed on the detection of foot injuries caused by occupational footwear and the levels of action at this level to improve the worker's health, the adaptability of the footwear to the wearer, and the worker's comfort and adherence to the footwear.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of two oral bezafibrate preparations.

The pharmacokinetics of two oral solid preparations of bezafibrate, available in the Spanish market, was studied. Both preparations were tablets, an immediate-release formulation (A) and the other a slow-formulation (C). We selected a crossover design, and twelve healthy male volunteers participated in the study. Using a sensitive HPLC method, plasma concentrations of bezafibrate were monitored over a period of 12 h. after administration of treatment A and 24 h. for treatment C. In treatment A, two tablets were administered at an interval of six hours. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax(tmax) and area under curve (AUC infinity o), in the two doses of treatment A, were compared by analysis of variance and found to be significantly different between the two doses. The relative bioavailability based on (C: 1st-Dose-A) ratio of AUC infinity o was within the range 100 +/- 20%.

Iglesias articulated endoscopy teaching attachment.

A new articulated teaching attachment with a single joint is described. The attachment allows a 360-degree rotation in 3 planes (sagittal, horizontal and frontal) by the 3 rotary unions at the single joint with only 2 tubes. Simultaneous observation by 2 persons and the operator is achieved by combining 2 of these optical units. The attachment may be sterilized by soaking. It can be dismantled for cleaning and for replacement of any damaged parts. Finally, it facilitates taking still photographs, movies and television endoscopy without interference to the operator.

Anti-arcing loop and resectoscope.

A new modified cutting loop assembly and a modification of the resectoscope to prevent arcing between the bare wire loop and the distal end of the telescope are described.

Hydraulic hemostasis in transurethral resection of the prostate using the Iglesias continuous suction resectoscope.

An intravesicoprostatic hydrostatic pressure less than 10 mm. Hg maintains normal anatomy and physiology of the muscular and vascular prostatic structures. An increase in hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure to more than 10mm. Hg produces a distortion in the musculature of the prostate, especially at the true capsule, opening the cut vessels and making possible the absorption of the irrigant free of electrolytes (transurethral resection syndrome). A low hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure permits the compression of cut vessels by the inflow hydraulic pressure of 90 cm. water, achieving hydraulic hemostasis during transurethral resection of the prostate. Less electrocoagulation is necessary, resulting in more rapid patient recovery.

The importance of continuous pump suction in TUR hydraulic hemostasis.

An intravesicoprostatic hydrostatic pressure below 10 mm Hg maintains normal anatomy and physiology of the muscular and vascular prostatic structures by continuous pump suction. An increase of the hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure above 10 mm Hg produces a distortion in the musculature of the prostate, especially at the true capsule, opening the cut vessels, making possible the absorption of the irrigant free of electrolytes (TUR syndrome). A low hydrostatic intravesicoprostatic pressure permits the compression of cut vessels by the inflow hydraulic pressure of 90 cm H2O achieving hydraulic hemostasis during TURP reducing the bleeding and operative time by more than 50% and making hemostasis easier. In our last 400 TURs, blood transfusions have been unnecessary. Less electrocoagulation is required, resulting in a more rapid recovery.

[The new Iglesias resectoscope with simultaneous irrigation and suction (author's transl)]. / Le nouveau résecteur d'Iglesias avec irrigation et aspiration continues

This new resectoscope is the result of over 30 years experience of T.U.R. Its principle is a double flow running through the resectoscope: inflow and outflow under succion. The advantages are: 1. T.U.R. can be performed continuously, quicker than with conventional resectoscopes and theoretically with no limit of time. 2. T.U.R. is done under intra-vesical pressure, avoiding the T.U.R. syndrome. 3. T.U.R. is done more confortably: better vision bleeding control by watching the suction bottle, no more wet surgeon.

New Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation, simultaneous suction and low intravesical pressure.

The new Iglesias resectoscope that allows simultaneous suction, continuous irrigation and low intravesical pressure is described. Advantages of this instrument include no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 600 ml. per minute, a low intravesical pressure less than 10 mm. Hg during the transurethral resection, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon. Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption can be determined.

Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation, suction and low intravesical pressure.

A resectoscope with continuous irrigation, suction and low intravesical pressure is described. Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 600 ml per min, a constant intravesical pressure less than 10mm Hg during the resection, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon. Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected, blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption determined.

[Hemolysis in not the cause of the TUR-syndrome. The use of non-hemolytic solutions does not prevent its occurrence (author's transl)]. / Hämolyse ist nicht Ursache des TUR-Syndromes. Die Verwendung nichthämolysierender Spüllösungen kann es nicht verhindern

The TUR-syndrome has an acute and a delayed toxic modality. It occurs during the resection of large prostatic glands with long operative times and by perforation of the prostatic capsule. The TUR-syndrome is not caused by hemolysis by but disturbances of the serum electrolytes.

[How to prevent the TUR-syndrome (author's transl)]. / Zur Prophylaxe des TUR-Syndroms

The TUR-syndrome is due to the absorption of irrigating fluid free of electrolytes, producing hypervolemia, and dilutional hyponatremia, as well as hyperkalemia. Strict adherence to the above ten rules is necessary in preventing the TUR-syndrome. After using them for 30 years, we were able to avoid this complication without using non-hemolytic solutions nor limiting the operative time.

[The new iglesias resectoscope (author's transl)]. / Das neue Iglesias-Resektoskop

The new Iglesias resectoscope with continuous irrigation has been described. Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption of the TUR, better endoscopic vision, decreased and equally strong intravesical pressure, shorter operating time, less bleeding, easier teaching and performing of transurethral resections.

[New concept on the T.U.R. prostate syndrome (author's transl)]. / Physiopathologie du syndrôme de résection endoscopique de prostate. Rôle de l'hypervolémie et de l'hyponatrémie de dilution

The T.U.R.P. syndrome is always secondary either to the perforation of the prostatic capsula or to the opening of a veinous sinus. If the T.U.R.P. syndrome occurs, it can be or early, or late. Generally attributed to hemolysis with hemoglobinemia, we denie it. In fact the T.U.R.P. syndrome is to be attributed to hypervolemia and hyponatremia. The proper treatment requires the use of hypertonic sodium solution. The use of sterile water as irrigant for the T.U.R. is absoluetly convenient and not dangerous, unless one perforates the capsule or open a veinous sinus.

Iglesias resectoscope with simultaneous irrigation, suction and low intravesical pressure.

A resectoscope with continuous irrigation, suction and low intravesical pressure has been described. Advantages of this instrument include: no interruption, better endoscopic vision by a continuous clear inflow of more than 500 ml/min at 70 cm pressure, less bleeding, no air bubbles, constant intravesical pressure less than 10 mm Hg during TUR, permitting the absorption of the irrigant, shorter operating time, easier teaching and no more wet floor and wet surgeon. Since the entire amount of irrigating fluid is collected, blood loss can be calculated and the amount of absorption determined.