Pathological and gene expression analysis of a polygenic diabetes model, NONcNZO10/LtJ mice.

The NONcNZO10/LtJ mouse is a polygenic model of type-2 diabetes (T2D) that shows moderate obesity and diabetes, and is regarded as a good model reflective of the conditions of human T2D. In this study, we analyzed pathological changes of pancreases with the progress of time by using histopathology and gene expression analysis, including microRNA. A number of gene expression changes associated with decreased insulin secretion (possibly regulated by miR-29a/b) were observed, and zinc homeostasis (Slc30a8, Mt1 and Mt2) or glucose metabolism (Slc2a2) was suggested as being the candidate mechanism of pancreas failure in NONcNZO10/LtJ mice. These results demonstrate NONcNZO10/LtJ mice have a complex pathogenic mechanism of diabetes, and moreover, this fundamental information of NONcNZO10/LtJ mice would offer the opportunity for research and development of a novel antidiabetic drug.

The Peptide Vaccine Combined with Prior Immunization of a Conventional Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Induced Amyloid ß Binding Antibodies on Cynomolgus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs.

The reduction of brain amyloid beta (Aß) peptides by anti-Aß antibodies is one of the possible therapies for Alzheimer's disease. We previously reported that the Aß peptide vaccine including the T-cell epitope of diphtheria-tetanus combined toxoid (DT) induced anti-Aß antibodies, and the prior immunization with conventional DT vaccine enhanced the immunogenicity of the peptide. Cynomolgus monkeys were given the peptide vaccine subcutaneously in combination with the prior DT vaccination. Vaccination with a similar regimen was also performed on guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine induced anti-Aß antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs without chemical adjuvants, and excessive immune responses were not observed. Those antibodies could preferentially recognize Aß 40, and Aß 42 compared to Aß fibrils. The levels of serum anti-Aß antibodies and plasma Aß peptides increased in both animals and decreased the brain Aß 40 level of guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine could induce a similar binding profile of anti-Aß antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs. The peptide vaccination could be expected to reduce the brain Aß peptides and their toxic effects via clearance of Aß peptides by generated antibodies.

Improvement of pulmonary function by oral treatment with a VLA-4 antagonist in a mouse asthmatic model.

We investigated in vivo efficacies of the newly synthesized VLA-4 antagonist Compound A {trans-4-[1-[[2,5-Dichloro-4-(1-methyl-3-indolylcarboxamido)phenyl]acetyl]-(4S)methoxy-(2S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid} on Ascaris antigen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthmatic model. Oral administration of Compound A significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltration into BALF and airway hyperresponsiveness 48 h after the antigen challenge. Histologic analysis of the lung sections confirmed the BALF result and revealed suppression of edema and mucus hyperplasia at 8 and 48 h after the challenge, respectively. These findings clearly show that orally active Compound A has therapeutic potential for treatment of asthma.

A novel, potent, and orally active VLA-4 antagonist with good aqueous solubility: trans-4-[1-[[2-(5-Fluoro-2-methylphenylamino)-7-fluoro-6-benzoxazolyl]acetyl]-(5S)-[methoxy(methyl)amino]methyl-(2S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

We have carried out the optimization of substituents at the C-3 or the C-5 position on the pyrrolidine ring of VLA-4 antagonist 3 with 2-(phenylamino)-7-fluorobenzoxazolyl moiety for the purpose of improving in vivo efficacy while maintaining good aqueous solubility. As a result, we successfully increased in vitro activity in the presence of 3% human serum albumin and achieved an exquisite lipophilic and hydrophilic balance of compounds suitable for oral administrative regimen. The modification resulted in the identification of zwitterionic compound 7n with (5S)-[methoxy(methyl)amino]methylpyrrolidine, which significantly alleviated bronchial hyper-responsiveness to acetylcholine chloride at 12.5mg/kg, p.o. in a murine asthma model and showed favorable aqueous solubility (JP1, 89 µg/mL; JP2, 462 µg/mL). Furthermore, this compound showed good oral bioavailability (F=54%) in monkeys.

Identification of trans-4-[1-[[7-fluoro-2-(1-methyl-3-indolyl)-6-benzoxazolyl]acetyl]-(4S)-fluoro-(2S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid as a potent, orally active VLA-4 antagonist.

For the purpose of obtaining orally potent VLA-4 inhibitors, we have carried out structural modification of the (N'-phenylureido)phenyl group in compound 1, where the group was found to be attributed to poor pharmacokinetic profile in our previous research. Through modification, we have identified several compounds with both potent in vitro activity and improved oral exposure. In particular, compound 7e with 7-fluoro-2-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazolyl group as a novel replacement of the (N'-phenylureido)phenyl group significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 15mg/kg in an Ascaris-antigen-induced murine bronchial inflammatory model, and its efficacy was comparable to that of the anti-mouse α(4) antibody (R1-2).

Development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in STAT6-deficient NC/Nga mice.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease characterized by elevation of plasma levels of total IgE, infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils, and the expression of cytokines by Th2 T cells. However, the role of Th2 cells in the pathogenesis of AD is not fully understood. In this study we examined the NC/Nga (NC) mouse model of AD and established STAT6-deficient (SATA6(-/-)) NC mice to investigate the relevance of IL-4-mediated immune responses. Surprisingly, these mice elicited AD-like skin lesions at equivalent frequency and time of onset compared with normal NC littermates. Histological features of the lesion in STAT6(-/-) NC mice fulfilled the criteria for the pathogenesis of AD, although these mice fail to produce IgE and Th2 cytokines. The lymph nodes proximal to the regions of skin that developed lesions exhibited massive enlargement elicited by the accumulation of activated IFN-gamma-secreting T cells. Moreover, caspase I, IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-gamma are found to be highly expressed at the skin lesion, occurring simultaneously with elevation of eotaxin 2 and CCR3 expression. Therefore, the Th2-mediated immune response is not necessary for the development of AD-like skin disease in NC mice. The skin microenvironment that favored IFN-gamma production tightly correlates with the skin disease in NC mice through the infiltration of eosinophils.