Relationship between executive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms and impaired instrumental activities of daily living among patients with very mild Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience a gradual loss in their ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) from the early stage. A better understanding of the possible factors associated with IADL decline is important for the development of effective rehabilitation and support programs for patients with AD. Thus, we examined the relationships between comprehensive cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric symptoms and IADLs in patients with very mild AD. METHODS: In total, 230 outpatients with probable AD were recruited from the Memory Clinic at Kumamoto University Hospital between May 2007 and October 2016. All patients scored ≥21 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination at the first assessment. Relationships between the subdomains of the Lawton IADL scale and neuropsychological/neuropsychiatric tests were examined by multiple regression analysis. All analyses were performed separately in men and women. RESULTS: In female patients, scores on the Frontal Assessment Battery were significantly associated with telephone use ability, shopping, and ability to handle finances. Apathy scores in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) were associated with telephone use ability, housekeeping, responsibility for own medications, and ability to handle finances. NPI agitation scores were associated with food preparation and housekeeping. Geriatric Depression Scale scores were associated with telephone use ability and ability to handle finances. In male patients, only NPI apathy scores were associated with telephone use ability. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the importance of properly assessing executive function, depression, and apathy at interventions for impaired IADLs among female patients with very mild AD.

Are saving appearance responses typical communication patterns in Alzheimer's disease?

INTRODUCTION: To keep up appearances, people with dementia sometimes pretend to know the correct answer, as seen during administration of neuropsychological tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). These saving appearance responses (SARs) of people with dementia often lead to caregivers and/or medical staff underestimating the severity of dementia and impede proper early initiation of treatment. However, most descriptions of SARs are based on empirical knowledge of clinicians. In this study, we investigated whether SARs are typical communication patterns in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). METHODS: The participants were 107 outpatients with AD, 16 with mixed AD with cerebrovascular dementia, 55 with MCI, and 30 with DLB. We assessed the occurrence of SARs during the MMSE. The relationships between the SARs and AD were examined by the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: People with AD who showed SARs were 57.9%, whereas those with MCI were 18.2% and DLB were 20.0% (P with Bonferroni correction < 0.05). Although there were significant differences in some variables in each group of diagnosis, logistic regression analysis showed that people with AD were more likely to show SARs than those with MCI (Odds ratio = 3.48, 95% Confidential Interval = 1.18-10.28) and DLB (Odds ratio = 4.24, 95% Confidential Interval = 1.50-12.01), even after controlling for sex, estimated disease duration, MMSE, and frontal assessment battery scores. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of SARs could be found most frequently in people with AD. Clinicians should develop a respectful attitude toward dementia patients with SARs because SARs imply conflicted feelings about questions that patients cannot answer correctly.

Why do people with dementia pretend to know the correct answer? A qualitative study on the behaviour of toritsukuroi to keep up appearances.

BACKGROUND: Toritsukuroi is a particular type of behaviour intended to save face or preserve appearances. Clinicians often observe toritsukuroi in people with dementia, but current knowledge about this behaviour is based on clinicians' empirical knowledge rather than on observational studies. This study was designed to clarify which behaviours are related to toritsukuroi based on neuropsychological examinations. METHODS: The subjects were 91 outpatients with dementia. Verbal responses, with the exceptions of 'I don't know' and erroneous answers, were recorded by certificated clinical psychologists and analyzed by qualitative study procedures. A qualitative study was separately conducted by two researchers to identify themes and types of reactions. The themes found through content analysis were organized and labelled by a senior psychiatrist. RESULTS: Among the patients, 41.8% verbally responded in way to 'keep up appearances'. Six distinct thematic categories were identified through conventional content analysis: (i) refuting sudden questions; (ii) disclosing trait; (iii) disclosing experience; (iv) demonstrating slight hesitation; (v) appealing to indifference; and (vi) other. CONCLUSIONS: All the responses that we defined as being toritsukuroi reflect a denial of acquired cognitive impairment. Further study is needed to clarify the association between toritsukuroi and either cognitive function or disease specificity.