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1.
J Vet Med Sci ; 75(8): 1055-60, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23585489

ABSTRACT

Red-crowned (or Japanese) cranes Grus japonensis are native to eastern Hokkaido, Japan--the island population, and mainland Asia--the continental population that migrates from breeding grounds along the Amur River Basin to winter in east China and the Korean Peninsula. The island population was reduced to about 50-60 birds in early part of the 20th century. Since 1950s, the population has increased to more than 1,300 as a consequence of human-provided food in winter, resulted in change of their habitats and food resource. From the carcasses of 284 wild cranes from the island population, collected in Hokkaido since 1976 until 2010, we measured six physical parameters (body weight and lengths of body, wing, tarsus, tail and exposed culmen) and divided into groups by sex and three developmental stages (juvenile, yearling and adult). All parameters of males were larger than those of females at the same stage. Total body length of females tends to grow up earlier than males, in contrast to body weight. Obvious time trends were not observed in these all parameters during 34 years for these six categories measured, except total length of male juveniles, which showed a significant increasing trend. These results provide the first extensive data on body size and mass in the wild red-crowned cranes.


Subject(s)
Birds/anatomy & histology , Birds/growth & development , Sex Characteristics , Age Factors , Animals , Body Weights and Measures , Female , Japan , Lower Extremity/anatomy & histology , Male , Regression Analysis , Tail/anatomy & histology , Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
2.
J Vet Med Sci ; 75(6): 827-30, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23391509

ABSTRACT

A 33-year-old red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) had a diffuse intestinal thickening from the duodenum to colon. Microscopically, neoplastic cells were arranged in sheets and occasionally nests or cords without gland or squamous differentiation. Metastatic tumor cells were found in the lungs, heart, kidneys and adrenal glands. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were strongly positive for pan-cytokeratin and cytokeratin 8 and 18 and only partly positive for E-cadherin antibodies. Immunostaining for CD3 was positive in normal lymphocytes, and NSE was also positive in normal nerve fibers. But, the neoplastic cells were not immunoreactive to CD3 and NSE. Based on the histological features and the epithelial characteristics in the immunohistochemical stain, the present case was diagnosed as undifferentiated carcinoma originating from the intestine. Interestingly, the neoplastic cells showed a unique growth pattern; they never invaded the submucosa or muscularis throughout the intestine, whereas they spread lymphogenously or hematogenously to other organs.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/pathology , Carcinoma/veterinary , Intestinal Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Birds , Carcinoma/pathology , Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology , Male
3.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn ; 35(6): 1403-10, 2009 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19857012

ABSTRACT

The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon where previous exposures to stimuli increase participants' subsequent affective preference for those stimuli. This study explored the effect of selective attention on the mere exposure effect. The experiments manipulated the to-be-attended drawings in the exposure period (either red or green polygons in Experiments 1 and 2; both red and green polygons in Experiments 3 and 4) and black to-be-evaluated drawings in the affective judgment period (morphologically identical to the red or green polygons in Experiments 1 and 4; morphologically identical to the composite drawings in Experiments 2 and 3). The results showed a significant mere exposure effect only for the target shapes involved in attentional selection, even when the participants could recognize the nontarget shapes. This indicates that selective attention modulated the mere exposure effect.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Judgment/physiology , Mental Recall/physiology , Recognition, Psychology/physiology , Adolescent , Affect/physiology , Discrimination Learning , Female , Humans , Male , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Photic Stimulation/methods , Reaction Time/physiology , Young Adult
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