Medical Findings in Infants Prenatally Identified with Sex Chromosome Trisomy in Year One of Life.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sex chromosome trisomies (SCT), including XXY, XYY, and XXX syndromes, have been historically underdiagnosed. Noninvasive prenatal cell-free DNA screening has significantly increased identification of these conditions, leading to a need for pediatric care for a growing population of newborns with SCT. Our goal was to analyze and compare perinatal features, medical diagnoses, and physical features in infants with prenatal identification of SCT conditions through the first year of life. METHODS: The eXtraordinarY Babies Study is an ongoing, prospective natural history study of prenatally identified children with SCT conducted by interdisciplinary teams in Colorado and Delaware. Participants were enrolled prior to 12 months of age and had pregnancy, birth, medical histories, and physical exams completed by board-certified pediatricians at 2, 6, and/or 12-month visits. Descriptive statistics were followed by comparisons between SCT groups using t-tests or ANOVA, Fisher exact, and correlations between medical features with alpha of 0.05. Relative risks were calculated compared to general population rates. RESULTS: 327 infants were included in the analysis (XXY=195, XXX=79, XYY=53). Major congenital anomalies were rare (1.7%). Relative risk compared to general population was elevated for breastfeeding difficulties (51.7%;RR 2.7), positional torticollis (28.2%;RR 7.2), eczema (48.0%;RR 3.5), food allergies (19.3%;RR 2.4), constipation requiring intervention (33.9%;RR 7.6), small cardiac septal defects (7.7%;RR 17.2), and structural renal abnormalities (4.4%;RR 9.7). Inpatient hospitalization was required for 12.4%, with 59.5% of hospitalizations attributable to respiratory infections. DISCUSSION: These findings of medical conditions with a higher prevalence can inform anticipatory guidance and medical management for pediatricians caring for infants with SCT. Article Summary: Medical findings in largest cohort of prenatally identified infants with XXY, Trisomy X, and XYY from birth to 12 months and implications for pediatric care.What's Known on This Subject: One in ∼500 individuals have an extra X or Y chromosome, or sex chromosome trisomy (SCT). Prenatal screening is now routinely identifying SCT, however there are few studies to guide perinatal and infant care for these individuals.What This Study Adds: This prospective observational study presents medical features for 327 infants with prenatally identified SCT from birth through the first year of life. Results identify where proactive screenings and/or interventions may be warranted for infants with SCT.

Where a child lives matters: neighborhood deprivation and pediatric obesity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article outlines what is currently known regarding the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and pediatric obesity. It discusses the intersectionality between neighborhood deprivation, race, ethnicity, and pediatric obesity. We conclude by proposing several potential solutions to disparities in pediatric obesity related to neighborhood deprivation. RECENT FINDINGS: Neighborhood deprivation, independent of individual socioeconomic status, is a risk factor for pediatric obesity. The obesogenic characteristics of high deprivation neighborhoods (e.g., lack of safe spaces to be active, easy access to fast food) and the psychological aspects of residing within high deprivation neighborhoods may also contribute to this risk. Intervention strategies and policies designed to address neighborhood related risk for pediatric obesity are needed. SUMMARY: Pediatric obesity is a growing problem of complex etiology. Neighborhood risk factors should be considered when assessing risk burden and when designing intervention strategies.

Development and validation of a computable phenotype for Turner syndrome utilizing electronic health records from a national pediatric network.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition occurring in ~1 in 2000 females characterized by the complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome. TS research faces similar challenges to many other pediatric rare disease conditions, with homogenous, single-center, underpowered studies. Secondary data analyses utilizing electronic health record (EHR) have the potential to address these limitations; however, an algorithm to accurately identify TS cases in EHR data is needed. We developed a computable phenotype to identify patients with TS using PEDSnet, a pediatric research network. This computable phenotype was validated through chart review; true positives and negatives and false positives and negatives were used to assess accuracy at both primary and external validation sites. The optimal algorithm consisted of the following criteria: female sex, ≥1 outpatient encounter, and ≥3 encounters with a diagnosis code that maps to TS, yielding an average sensitivity of 0.97, specificity of 0.88, and C-statistic of 0.93 across all sites. The accuracy of any estradiol prescriptions yielded an average C-statistic of 0.91 across sites and 0.80 for transdermal and oral formulations separately. PEDSnet and computable phenotyping are powerful tools in providing large, diverse samples to pragmatically study rare pediatric conditions like TS.

Development and Validation of a Computable Phenotype for Turner Syndrome Utilizing Electronic Health Records from a National Pediatric Network.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition occurring in ~1 in 2,000 females characterized by the complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome. TS research faces similar challenges to many other pediatric rare disease conditions, with homogenous, single-center, underpowered studies. Secondary data analyses utilizing Electronic Health Record (EHR) have the potential to address these limitations, however, an algorithm to accurately identify TS cases in EHR data is needed. We developed a computable phenotype to identify patients with TS using PEDSnet, a pediatric research network. This computable phenotype was validated through chart review; true positives and negatives and false positives and negatives were used to assess accuracy at both primary and external validation sites. The optimal algorithm consisted of the following criteria: female sex, ≥1 outpatient encounter, and ≥3 encounters with a diagnosis code that maps to TS, yielding average sensitivity 0.97, specificity 0.88, and C-statistic 0.93 across all sites. The accuracy of any estradiol prescriptions yielded an average C-statistic of 0.91 across sites and 0.80 for transdermal and oral formulations separately. PEDSnet and computable phenotyping are powerful tools in providing large, diverse samples to pragmatically study rare pediatric conditions like TS.

Hepatic abnormalities in youth with Turner syndrome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Liver disease in children with Turner Syndrome (TS) is poorly understood relative to associated growth, cardiac and reproductive complications. This study sought to better characterize hepatic abnormalities in a large national cohort of youth with TS. METHODS: Using electronic health record data from PEDSnet institutions, 2145 females with TS were matched to 8580 females without TS on eight demographic variables. Outcomes included liver enzymes (AST and ALT) stratified as normal, 1-2 times above the upper limit of normal (ULN), 2-3 times ULN and >3 times ULN, as well as specific liver disease diagnoses. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of youth with TS had elevated liver enzymes. Patients with TS had higher odds of enzymes 1-2 times ULN (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4-1.9), 2-3 times ULN (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.7-3.3) and >3 times ULN (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3-2.2). They also had higher odds of any liver diagnosis (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7-3.3), fatty liver disease (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2), hepatitis (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.9-7.1), cirrhosis/fibrosis (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 1.3-25.0) and liver tumour/malignancy (OR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.4-17.0). In a multinomial model, age, BMI and presence of cardiovascular disease or diabetes significantly increased the odds of elevated liver enzymes in girls with TS. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with TS have higher odds for elevated liver enzymes and clinically significant liver disease compared with matched controls. These results emphasize the need for clinical screening and additional research into the aetiology and treatment of liver disease in TS. LAY SUMMARY: Turner Syndrome, a chromosomal condition in which females are missing the second sex chromosome, is often associated with short stature, infertility and cardiac complications. Liver abnormalities are less well described in the literature. In this study, nearly 60% of youth with TS have elevated liver enzymes. Furthermore, patients with TS had a diagnosis of liver disease more often than patients without TS. Our results support the importance of early and consistent liver function screening and of additional research to define mechanisms that disrupt liver function in paediatric TS females.

Population-based Assessment of Cardiometabolic-related Diagnoses in Youth With Klinefelter Syndrome: A PEDSnet Study.

CONTEXT: Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are common among men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and contribute to high morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine if cardiometabolic-related diagnoses are more prevalent among youth with KS than matched controls in a large population-based cohort. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of electronic health records from 6 pediatric institutions in the United States (PEDSnet). Patients included all youth with KS in the database (n = 1080) and 4497 youth without KS matched for sex, age (mean 13 years at last encounter), year of birth, race, ethnicity, insurance, site, and duration of care (mean 7 years). The main outcome measures were prevalence of 5 cardiometabolic-related outcomes: overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, hypertension, and liver dysfunction. RESULTS: The odds of overweight/obesity (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8), dyslipidemia (3.0; 2.2-3.9), and liver dysfunction (2.0; 1.6-2.5) were all higher in KS than in controls. Adjusting for covariates (obesity, testosterone treatment, and antipsychotic use) attenuated the effect of KS on these outcomes; however, boys with KS still had 45% greater odds of overweight/obesity (95% CI 1.2-1.7) and 70% greater odds of liver dysfunction (95% CI 1.3-2.2) than controls, and both dyslipidemia (1.6; 1.1-2.4) and dysglycemia (1.8; 1.1-3.2) were higher in KS but of borderline statistical significance when accounting for multiple comparisons. The odds of hypertension were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: This large, population-based cohort of youth with KS had a higher odds of most cardiometabolic-related diagnoses than matched controls.

Hypothyroidism and Iodine Deficiency in Children on Chronic Parenteral Nutrition.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Iodine is an essential trace element for maintenance of normal thyroid function. Normal thyroid function is a prerequisite for neurocognitive development and growth in children. In the United States, iodine is not routinely added as a trace element in parenteral nutrition (PN). Our objective was to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism in children on chronic PN. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of children <17 years of age and using PN for >6 months at a tertiary children's hospital. Primary outcomes were spot urine iodine concentration (UIC), serum thyrotropin, and free thyroxine levels. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were identified (74% male). The median age at screening was 48 months (range: 7-213 months). The median duration on PN was 27 months (range: 11-77 months). Seventeen out of 20 patients (85%) were iodine deficient (spot UIC <100 µg/L), whereas 11 out of 20 patients (55%) were severely iodine deficient (spot UIC <20 µg/L). The prevalence of acquired hypothyroidism (elevated thyrotropin, low free thyroxine, and UIC <100 µg/L) was 33% (n = 8). None of the children with hypothyroidism screened for autoimmune thyroiditis had positive test results. There was no statistically significant association between duration of PN use and development of iodine deficiency (P = .08) or hypothyroidism (P = .96). CONCLUSIONS: Children on chronic PN are at risk for developing iodine deficiency and resultant hypothyroidism; hence, these children should be screened for these outcomes. Further studies are needed to define the temporal onset of iodine deficiency and timing to thyroid dysfunction related to PN.

Two Case Reports of FGF23-Induced Hypophosphatemia in Childhood Biliary Atresia.

Cholestatic liver disease has long been associated with childhood rickets, secondary to impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamin D. Elevated serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), secondary to genetic defects or tumor-induced osteomalacia, causes hypophosphatemic rickets in childhood. We present 2 infants with end-stage liver disease due to biliary atresia (BA) who developed hypophosphatemia with renal phosphate wasting. Serum FGF23 levels were elevated more than 8 times the upper limit of normal, and the older infant showed radiographic evidence of rickets. Both infants required large supplements of phosphate in addition to calcitriol. Following liver transplantation, FGF23 normalized in both patients and phosphate and calcitriol supplementation were discontinued. Immunohistochemistry revealed ectopic overexpression of FGF23 by hepatocytes in the BA liver. These observations highlight a unique cause of hypophosphatemic rickets in childhood and suggest the need for further investigation into the relationship between BA and other cholestatic disorders, and bone metabolism.