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1.
Rev Panam Salud Public ; 47, dic. 2023
Article in English | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-58906

ABSTRACT

[ABSTRACT]. Cancer is a major public health concern, impacting nearly 20 million people each year, and it is responsible for 1 in 6 deaths worldwide. The burden of cancer is increasing rapidly, straining health systems that are unable to prevent and manage the disease. Childhood cancer constitutes a significant and relevant public health challenge; it was the ninth leading cause of childhood disease globally, according to findings by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Almost 80% of all children diagnosed with cancer live in low- and middle-income countries where treatment is often unavailable or unaffordable. As a result, only about 15–45% of these children survive compared with more than 80% in high-income countries. This represents a great health inequity. Delivering on the mandate provided by World Health Assembly resolution 70.12, WHO together with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and other global partners launched the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer at the United Nations General Assembly during the third High-level Meeting on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in September 2018. The Initiative aims to increase global survival for children with cancer to at least 60% by 2030, while reducing suffering for all children with cancer. Five years after launching the Initiative, more than 70 countries across the World Health Organization’s 6 regions have advanced to different phases of action through implementation of the Initiative’s CureAll framework for action. Many successful approaches to implementing the CureAll pillars and enablers have demonstrated that improving care for children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries is possible as long as there is strong political will, multisectoral commitments and strategic investment.


[RESUMEN]. El cáncer es un importante problema de salud pública: afecta a cerca de 20 millones de personas cada año y es responsable de 1 de cada 6 muertes a nivel mundial. La carga del cáncer está aumentando rápidamente, lo que somete a una gran presión a los sistemas de salud que no pueden prevenir y manejar la enfermedad. El cáncer infantil constituye un importante problema de salud pública y tiene gran relevancia: fue la novena causa de enfermedad infantil a nivel mundial, según los hallazgos del estudio sobre la carga mundial de enfermedad correspondiente al 2017. Casi el 80% de todos los casos de cáncer infantil se registran en países de ingresos bajos o medianos, donde el tratamiento a menudo resulta inasequible o no está disponible. Por este motivo, solo sobreviven entre el 15% y el 45% de estos pacientes pediátricos, frente a más del 80% en los países de ingresos altos. Esto constituye una gran inequidad en materia de salud. En cumplimiento del mandato establecido en la resolución WHA70.12 de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) —junto con el hospital pediátrico de investigación St. Jude y otros asociados mundiales— puso en marcha la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil ante la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en ocasión de la tercera reunión de alto nivel sobre la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, celebrada en septiembre del 2018. Esta iniciativa tiene como objetivo incrementar la tasa de supervivencia mundial de los pacientes pediátricos con cáncer hasta por lo menos el 60% para el 2030 y, simultáneamente, reducir el sufrimiento de toda la población infantil con cáncer. Transcurridos cinco años de la puesta en marcha de la iniciativa, más de 70 países de las seis regiones de la OMS han logrado avanzar a distintas fases de actuación mediante la aplicación del marco de acción de la iniciativa denominado CureAll. Ha habido muchos enfoques que han dado buenos resultados para la consecución de los pilares y los elementos facilitadores de CureAll y que han demostrado que es posible mejorar la atención de la población infantil con cáncer en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos, siempre que haya una férrea voluntad política, compromisos multisectoriales e inversiones estratégicas.


[RESUMO]. O câncer é um importante problema de saúde pública que afeta cerca de 20 milhões de pessoas a cada ano e é responsável por uma em cada seis mortes em todo o mundo. A carga do câncer está aumentando rapidamente, sobrecarregando os sistemas de saúde, que não conseguem prevenir e controlar a doença. O câncer infantil constitui um desafio significativo e relevante para a saúde pública: essa foi a nona principal causa de doenças infantis em todo o mundo, de acordo com os resultados do estudo Global Burden of Disease 2017. Quase 80% de todas as crianças diagnosticadas com câncer vivem em países de baixa e média renda, onde o tratamento geralmente não está disponível ou é inacessível. Como resultado, apenas cerca de 15% a 45% dessas crianças sobrevivem, em comparação com mais de 80% nos países de alta renda. Isso representa uma grande falta de equidade em saúde. Cumprindo o estabelecido pela Resolução 70.12 da Assembleia Mundial da Saúde, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), juntamente com o Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital e outros parceiros mundiais, lançou a Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil na Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas, durante a terceira Reunião de Alto Nível sobre prevenção e controle de doenças não transmissíveis, em setembro de 2018. A Iniciativa tem como objetivo aumentar a sobrevida global de crianças com câncer para pelo menos 60% até 2030 e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir o sofrimento de todas as crianças com câncer. Cinco anos após o lançamento da Iniciativa, mais de 70 países das seis regiões da OMS avançaram para diferentes fases de ação por meio da implementação da estrutura CureAll da Iniciativa. O sucesso de muitas abordagens para implementação dos pilares e facilitadores da CureAll demonstraram que é possível melhorar o atendimento a crianças com câncer em países de baixa e média renda, desde que haja forte vontade política, compromissos multissetoriais e investimento estratégico.


Subject(s)
Child Health , Neoplasms , Health Policy , Child Health , Neoplasms , Health Policy , Child Health , Health Policy
2.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 47, 2023. Cáncer infantil en las Américas
Article in English | PAHO-IRIS | ID: phr-57976

ABSTRACT

[ABSTRACT]. This report describes the status of childhood cancer control initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Progress between 2017 and 2023 is measured using the outcome indicators from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) childhood cancer logic model aligned with the World Health Organization Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC). This report also describes the advances, barriers, and facilitators for the implementation of the GICC at the Regional level. Methods used in this report encompassed a comprehensive approach, incorporating a literature review, interviews, surveys, and a Delphi study developed by the technical team of the PAHO Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health Department and by the GICC LAC working group. Since 2017, there has been a substantial increase in the number of countries that have included childhood cancer in their national regulations. Currently, 21 LAC countries are involved in the GICC implementation, activities, and dialogues. However, the objectives for 2030 will only be achieved if Member States overcome the barriers to accelerating the pace of initiative implementation. There is an urgent need to increase the efforts in childhood cancer control in LAC, especially regarding the prioritization of timely detection, essential diagnostics, access to cancer treatment, palliative care, and close follow-up of children and adolescents with cancer.


[RESUMEN]. En este artículo se describe la situación de las iniciativas para el control del cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe. Para medir los progresos entre el 2017 y el 2023, se utilizan los indicadores de resultados del modelo lógico del cáncer infantil de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) que es coherente con la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. También se describen los avances, los obstáculos y los elementos que han facilitado la aplicación de esa iniciativa en la Región Los métodos utilizados en este trabajo incluyeron un enfoque integral que incorporó una revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas, encuestas y un estudio de tipo Delfos llevado a cabo por el equipo técnico del Departamento de Enfermedades No Transmisibles y Salud Mental de la OPS y por el grupo de trabajo de América Latina y el Caribe de la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Desde el 2017 ha habido un incremento considerable en el número de países que incorporan el cáncer infantil en sus regulaciones nacionales. En la actualidad, 21 países de América Latina y el Caribe participan en la puesta en práctica, las actividades y las deliberaciones de la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. No obstante, los objetivos para el 2030 solo podrán alcanzarse si los Estados Miembros son capaces de superar los obstáculos que dificultan la aceleración del ritmo de aplicación de esta iniciativa. Existe una necesidad urgente de aumentar las actividades dirigidas al control del cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe, en especial en lo que respecta a priorizar la detección temprana, los medios de diagnóstico esenciales, el acceso a los tratamientos oncológicos, los cuidados paliativos y el seguimiento estricto de la población infantil y adolescente con cáncer.


[RESUMO]. Este relatório descreve a situação das iniciativas de controle do câncer infantil na Região da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). O progresso alcançado entre 2017 e 2023 foi medido usando os indicadores de resultados intermediários do modelo lógico de câncer infantil da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS), em linha com a Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil (GICC) da Organização Mundial da Saúde. O relatório também descreve os avanços, as barreiras e os facilitadores para a implementação da iniciativa em nível regional. Os métodos utilizados neste relatório aplicaram uma abordagem abrangente que incluiu revisão da literatura, entrevistas, levantamentos e um estudo Delphi desenvolvido pela equipe técnica do Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental da OPAS e pelo grupo de trabalho da GICC para a ALC. Desde 2017, houve um aumento significativo no número de países que passaram a incluir o câncer infantil em regulamentações nacionais. Atualmente, 21 países da América Latina e do Caribe estão envolvidos na imple- mentação da GICC, bem como em atividades e diálogos relacionados. No entanto, os objetivos para 2030 só serão alcançados se os Estados Membros superarem as barreiras ao aceleramento do ritmo de implementação da iniciativa. Existe uma necessidade urgente de intensificar os esforços de controle do câncer infantil na ALC, especialmente no tocante à priorização da detecção em tempo hábil, diagnósticos essenciais, acesso a tratamentos oncológicos, cuidados paliativos e acompanhamento cuidadoso de crianças e adoles- centes com câncer.


Subject(s)
Child Health , Neoplasms , Latin America , Caribbean Region , Child Health , Neoplasms , Latin America , Caribbean Region , Child Health , Caribbean Region
3.
Psychooncology ; 32(1): 6-9, 2023 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36468340

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Psycho-oncology is a clinical specialty in which the humanistic aspects of cancer diagnoses and treatment are addressed to reduce the psychological burden for patients and their caregivers to optimize patient participation, cancer outcomes and quality-of-life, which is especially critical in cultures where cancer is perceived as invariably fatal. Psycho-oncology programs face multiple barriers in low- and middle-income countries, including limited resource allocation and lack of training, both of which have been impediments to psycho-oncology programs becoming recognized as core competencies in cancer management and part of a standard medical curriculum. PURPOSE: This paper discusses the role of the Global Breast Cancer Initiative (GBCI) in helping to overcome inequities in breast cancer care and improve clinical outcomes from a psycho-oncology perspective as a model for improved cancer care in limited resource settings. FINDINGS: GBCI applies a comprehensive framework encompassing all phases of cancer care (defined through three pillars spanning the continuum of cancer management) and includes addressing the physical, psychological, and social needs of women throughout the life-course. Efforts to promote policies that increase access to early detection and treatment programs and improve health literacy among the public are important strategies to mitigate the most common emotional and physical challenges reported by people with cancer accessing care. CONCLUSIONS: Future efforts will focus on the integration of culturally appropriate guidance to promote early cancer detection and treatment completion through training programs for clinicians to establish core competencies in psycho-oncology. Emerging advocacy efforts in the oncology arena may help guide the integration of psycho-oncology services into routine care in countries where these services are not already integrated into the standard curriculum.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Psycho-Oncology , Developing Countries , Medical Oncology , Quality of Life
4.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 47: e164, 2023. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536662

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Cancer is a major public health concern, impacting nearly 20 million people each year, and it is responsible for 1 in 6 deaths worldwide. The burden of cancer is increasing rapidly, straining health systems that are unable to prevent and manage the disease. Childhood cancer constitutes a significant and relevant public health challenge; it was the ninth leading cause of childhood disease globally, according to findings by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Almost 80% of all children diagnosed with cancer live in low- and middle-income countries where treatment is often unavailable or unaffordable. As a result, only about 15-45% of these children survive compared with more than 80% in high-income countries. This represents a great health inequity. Delivering on the mandate provided by World Health Assembly resolution 70.12, WHO together with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and other global partners launched the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer at the United Nations General Assembly during the third High-level Meeting on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in September 2018. The Initiative aims to increase global survival for children with cancer to at least 60% by 2030, while reducing suffering for all children with cancer. Five years after launching the Initiative, more than 70 countries across the World Health Organization's 6 regions have advanced to different phases of action through implementation of the Initiative's CureAll framework for action. Many successful approaches to implementing the CureAll pillars and enablers have demonstrated that improving care for children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries is possible as long as there is strong political will, multisectoral commitments and strategic investment.


RESUMEN El cáncer es un importante problema de salud pública: afecta a cerca de 20 millones de personas cada año y es responsable de 1 de cada 6 muertes a nivel mundial. La carga del cáncer está aumentando rápidamente, lo que somete a una gran presión a los sistemas de salud que no pueden prevenir y manejar la enfermedad. El cáncer infantil constituye un importante problema de salud pública y tiene gran relevancia: fue la novena causa de enfermedad infantil a nivel mundial, según los hallazgos del estudio sobre la carga mundial de enfermedad correspondiente al 2017. Casi el 80% de todos los casos de cáncer infantil se registran en países de ingresos bajos o medianos, donde el tratamiento a menudo resulta inasequible o no está disponible. Por este motivo, solo sobreviven entre el 15% y el 45% de estos pacientes pediátricos, frente a más del 80% en los países de ingresos altos. Esto constituye una gran inequidad en materia de salud. En cumplimiento del mandato establecido en la resolución WHA70.12 de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) —junto con el hospital pediátrico de investigación St. Jude y otros asociados mundiales— puso en marcha la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil ante la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, en ocasión de la tercera reunión de alto nivel sobre la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles, celebrada en septiembre del 2018. Esta iniciativa tiene como objetivo incrementar la tasa de supervivencia mundial de los pacientes pediátricos con cáncer hasta por lo menos el 60% para el 2030 y, simultáneamente, reducir el sufrimiento de toda la población infantil con cáncer. Transcurridos cinco años de la puesta en marcha de la iniciativa, más de 70 países de las seis regiones de la OMS han logrado avanzar a distintas fases de actuación mediante la aplicación del marco de acción de la iniciativa denominado CureAll. Ha habido muchos enfoques que han dado buenos resultados para la consecución de los pilares y los elementos facilitadores de CureAll y que han demostrado que es posible mejorar la atención de la población infantil con cáncer en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos, siempre que haya una férrea voluntad política, compromisos multisectoriales e inversiones estratégicas.


RESUMO O câncer é um importante problema de saúde pública que afeta cerca de 20 milhões de pessoas a cada ano e é responsável por uma em cada seis mortes em todo o mundo. A carga do câncer está aumentando rapidamente, sobrecarregando os sistemas de saúde, que não conseguem prevenir e controlar a doença. O câncer infantil constitui um desafio significativo e relevante para a saúde pública: essa foi a nona principal causa de doenças infantis em todo o mundo, de acordo com os resultados do estudo Global Burden of Disease 2017. Quase 80% de todas as crianças diagnosticadas com câncer vivem em países de baixa e média renda, onde o tratamento geralmente não está disponível ou é inacessível. Como resultado, apenas cerca de 15% a 45% dessas crianças sobrevivem, em comparação com mais de 80% nos países de alta renda. Isso representa uma grande falta de equidade em saúde. Cumprindo o estabelecido pela Resolução 70.12 da Assembleia Mundial da Saúde, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), juntamente com o Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital e outros parceiros mundiais, lançou a Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil na Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas, durante a terceira Reunião de Alto Nível sobre prevenção e controle de doenças não transmissíveis, em setembro de 2018. A Iniciativa tem como objetivo aumentar a sobrevida global de crianças com câncer para pelo menos 60% até 2030 e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir o sofrimento de todas as crianças com câncer. Cinco anos após o lançamento da Iniciativa, mais de 70 países das seis regiões da OMS avançaram para diferentes fases de ação por meio da implementação da estrutura CureAll da Iniciativa. O sucesso de muitas abordagens para implementação dos pilares e facilitadores da CureAll demonstraram que é possível melhorar o atendimento a crianças com câncer em países de baixa e média renda, desde que haja forte vontade política, compromissos multissetoriais e investimento estratégico.

5.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 47: e128, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515486

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT This report describes the status of childhood cancer control initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Progress between 2017 and 2023 is measured using the outcome indicators from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) childhood cancer logic model aligned with the World Health Organization Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC). This report also describes the advances, barriers, and facilitators for the implementation of the GICC at the Regional level. Methods used in this report encompassed a comprehensive approach, incorporating a literature review, interviews, surveys, and a Delphi study developed by the technical team of the PAHO Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health Department and by the GICC LAC working group. Since 2017, there has been a substantial increase in the number of countries that have included childhood cancer in their national regulations. Currently, 21 LAC countries are involved in the GICC implementation, activities, and dialogues. However, the objectives for 2030 will only be achieved if Member States overcome the barriers to accelerating the pace of initiative implementation. There is an urgent need to increase the efforts in childhood cancer control in LAC, especially regarding the prioritization of timely detection, essential diagnostics, access to cancer treatment, palliative care, and close follow-up of children and adolescents with cancer.


RESUMEN En este artículo se describe la situación de las iniciativas para el control del cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe. Para medir los progresos entre el 2017 y el 2023, se utilizan los indicadores de resultados del modelo lógico del cáncer infantil de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) que es coherente con la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. También se describen los avances, los obstáculos y los elementos que han facilitado la aplicación de esa iniciativa en la Región Los métodos utilizados en este trabajo incluyeron un enfoque integral que incorporó una revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas, encuestas y un estudio de tipo Delfos llevado a cabo por el equipo técnico del Departamento de Enfermedades No Transmisibles y Salud Mental de la OPS y por el grupo de trabajo de América Latina y el Caribe de la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Desde el 2017 ha habido un incremento considerable en el número de países que incorporan el cáncer infantil en sus regulaciones nacionales. En la actualidad, 21 países de América Latina y el Caribe participan en la puesta en práctica, las actividades y las deliberaciones de la Iniciativa Mundial contra el Cáncer Infantil de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. No obstante, los objetivos para el 2030 solo podrán alcanzarse si los Estados Miembros son capaces de superar los obstáculos que dificultan la aceleración del ritmo de aplicación de esta iniciativa. Existe una necesidad urgente de aumentar las actividades dirigidas al control del cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe, en especial en lo que respecta a priorizar la detección temprana, los medios de diagnóstico esenciales, el acceso a los tratamientos oncológicos, los cuidados paliativos y el seguimiento estricto de la población infantil y adolescente con cáncer.


RESUMO Este relatório descreve a situação das iniciativas de controle do câncer infantil na Região da América Latina e do Caribe (ALC). O progresso alcançado entre 2017 e 2023 foi medido usando os indicadores de resultados intermediários do modelo lógico de câncer infantil da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS), em linha com a Iniciativa Global para o Câncer Infantil (GICC) da Organização Mundial da Saúde. O relatório também descreve os avanços, as barreiras e os facilitadores para a implementação da iniciativa em nível regional. Os métodos utilizados neste relatório aplicaram uma abordagem abrangente que incluiu revisão da literatura, entrevistas, levantamentos e um estudo Delphi desenvolvido pela equipe técnica do Departamento de Doenças Não Transmissíveis e Saúde Mental da OPAS e pelo grupo de trabalho da GICC para a ALC. Desde 2017, houve um aumento significativo no número de países que passaram a incluir o câncer infantil em regulamentações nacionais. Atualmente, 21 países da América Latina e do Caribe estão envolvidos na implementação da GICC, bem como em atividades e diálogos relacionados. No entanto, os objetivos para 2030 só serão alcançados se os Estados Membros superarem as barreiras ao aceleramento do ritmo de implementação da iniciativa. Existe uma necessidade urgente de intensificar os esforços de controle do câncer infantil na ALC, especialmente no tocante à priorização da detecção em tempo hábil, diagnósticos essenciais, acesso a tratamentos oncológicos, cuidados paliativos e acompanhamento cuidadoso de crianças e adolescentes com câncer.

6.
JCO Glob Oncol ; 7: 342-352, 2021 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33656910

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Delays and disruptions in health systems because of the COVID-19 pandemic were identified by a previous systematic review from our group. For improving the knowledge about the pandemic consequences for cancer care, this article aims to identify the effects of mitigation strategies developed to reduce the impact of such delays and disruptions. METHODS: Systematic review with a comprehensive search including formal databases, cancer and COVID-19 data sources, gray literature, and manual search. We considered clinical trials, observational longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, before-and-after studies, case series, and case studies. The selection, data extraction, and methodological assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by specific tools. The mitigation strategies identified were described in detail and their effects were summarized narratively. RESULTS: Of 6,692 references reviewed, 28 were deemed eligible, and 9 studies with low to moderate methodological quality were included. Five multiple strategies and four single strategies were reported, and the possible effects of mitigating delays and disruptions in cancer care because of COVID-19 are inconsistent. The only comparative study reported a 48.7% reduction observed in the number of outpatient visits to the hospital accompanied by a small reduction in imaging and an improvement in radiation treatments after the implementation of a multiple organizational strategy. CONCLUSION: The findings emphasize the infrequency of measuring and reporting mitigation strategies that specifically address patients' outcomes and thus a scarcity of high-quality evidence to inform program development. This review reinforces the need of adopting standardized measurement methods to monitor the impact of the mitigation strategies proposed to reduce the effects of delays and disruptions in cancer health care because of COVID-19.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Cancer Care Facilities , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities , Medical Oncology/trends , Neoplasms/therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Decision Making , Humans , Medical Oncology/organization & administration , Models, Organizational , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Pandemics , Time-to-Treatment
7.
JCO Glob Oncol ; 7: 311-323, 2021 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33617304

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: There has been noteworthy concern about the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health services including the management of cancer. In addition to being considered at higher risk for worse outcomes from COVID-19, people with cancer may also experience disruptions or delays in health services. This systematic review aimed to identify the delays and disruptions to cancer services globally. METHODS: This is a systematic review with a comprehensive search including specific and general databases. We considered any observational longitudinal and cross-sectional study design. The selection, data extraction, and methodological assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by specific tools. The delays and disruptions identified were categorized, and their frequency was presented. RESULTS: Among the 62 studies identified, none exhibited high methodological quality. The most frequent determinants for disruptions were provider- or system-related, mainly because of the reduction in service availability. The studies identified 38 different categories of delays and disruptions with impact on treatment, diagnosis, or general health service. Delays or disruptions most investigated included reduction in routine activity of cancer services and number of cancer surgeries; delay in radiotherapy; and delay, reschedule, or cancellation of outpatient visits. Interruptions and disruptions largely affected facilities (up to 77.5%), supply chain (up to 79%), and personnel availability (up to 60%). CONCLUSION: The remarkable frequency of delays and disruptions in health care mostly related to the reduction of the COVID-19 burden unintentionally posed a major risk on cancer care worldwide. Strategies can be proposed not only to mitigate the main delays and disruptions but also to standardize their measurement and reporting. As a high number of publications continuously are being published, it is critical to harmonize the upcoming reports and constantly update this review.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Delivery of Health Care/methods , Neoplasms/therapy , Ambulatory Care , Cross-Sectional Studies , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Neoplasms/surgery
8.
Med Decis Making ; 40(3): 364-378, 2020 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32160823

ABSTRACT

Background. Low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) have higher mortality-to-incidence ratio for breast cancer compared to high-income countries (HICs) because of late-stage diagnosis. Mammography screening is recommended for early diagnosis, however, the infrastructure capacity in LMICs are far below that needed for adopting current screening guidelines. Current guidelines are extrapolations from HICs, as limited data had restricted model development specific to LMICs, and thus, economic analysis of screening schedules specific to infrastructure capacities are unavailable. Methods. We applied a new Markov process method for developing cancer progression models and a Markov decision process model to identify optimal screening schedules under a varying number of lifetime screenings per person, a proxy for infrastructure capacity. We modeled Peru, a middle-income country, as a case study and the United States, an HIC, for validation. Results. Implementing 2, 5, 10, and 15 lifetime screens would require about 55, 135, 280, and 405 mammography machines, respectively, and would save 31, 62, 95, and 112 life-years per 1000 women, respectively. Current guidelines recommend 15 lifetime screens, but Peru has only 55 mammography machines nationally. With this capacity, the best strategy is 2 lifetime screenings at age 50 and 56 years. As infrastructure is scaled up to accommodate 5 and 10 lifetime screens, screening between the ages of 44-61 and 41-64 years, respectively, would have the best impact. Our results for the United States are consistent with other models and current guidelines. Limitations. The scope of our model is limited to analysis of national-level guidelines. We did not model heterogeneity across the country. Conclusions. Country-specific optimal screening schedules under varying infrastructure capacities can systematically guide development of cancer control programs and planning of health investments.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Mammography/methods , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Incidence , Mammography/statistics & numerical data , Peru/epidemiology
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