ABSTRACT
In this study, we aimed to obtain stable Kappa carrageenan (κCar) hydrogel that could be used as a bioink for cartilage regeneration. For this purpose, we described an effective and considerably faster methacrylation process by using microwave energy. Thus, microwave-methacrylated κCar (Mw-κCar-MA) with ≥85% degree of methacrylation (DM) was synthesized despite the use of a low concentration of methacrylic anhydride (MA) at 1000â¯W in 5â¯min. Then, Mw-κCar-MA was photo-crosslinked by only using UV irradiation for 40â¯s. Characterization studies proved that Mw-κCar-MA hydrogels were stronger and have lower weight loss (~20% at 30â¯days) than that of conventionally synthesized κCar-MA hydrogels. Viscosities of the Mw-κCar-MA hydrogels were found to be sufficient to use in 3D bioprinters. Furthermore, Mw-κCar-MA hydrogels enhanced the viability, proliferation, and GAG deposition of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Therefore, we proposed that Mw-κCar-MA can be considered as a suitable bioink for cartilage tissue engineering.
