ABSTRACT
A man in his late 40s with sickle cell anaemia (HbSS) presented to the emergency department with 2â weeks of diffuse oedema, increased abdominal girth and dyspnoea. His anasarca was thought to be indicative of an acute decompensation of his known liver cirrhosis with transfusion-induced haemosiderosis. While his anasarca improved with diuresis, his direct hyperbilirubinaemia suddenly worsened without any signs of haemolysis, biliary disease or obstruction. He also developed an acute worsening in serum creatinine (1.17-7.0â mg/dL in 7â days) despite subsequent treatment for presumed hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Given his clinical decline, the patient's goals of care were transitioned to comfort measures only. His clinical presentation and rapid liver and renal deterioration were most typical of sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis (SCIC). SCIC can lead to rapid deterioration in renal function and can be mistaken for HRS. When SCIC is suspected, consideration of exchange transfusions should be made early.
Subject(s)
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/diagnosis , Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications , Hyperbilirubinemia/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency/etiology , Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/psychology , Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/therapy , Anemia, Sickle Cell/psychology , Anemia, Sickle Cell/therapy , Dyspnea/etiology , Edema/etiology , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Hyperbilirubinemia/psychology , Hyperbilirubinemia/therapy , Liver Cirrhosis/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Palliative Care , Patient Compliance , Renal Insufficiency/psychology , Renal Insufficiency/therapyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Despite decades of experience with community health workers (CHWs) in a wide variety of global health projects, there is no established conceptual framework that structures how implementers and researchers can understand, study and improve their respective programs based on lessons learned by other CHW programs. OBJECTIVE: To apply an original, non-linear framework and case study method, 5-SPICE, to multiple sister projects of a large, international non-governmental organization (NGO), and other CHW projects. DESIGN: Engaging a large group of implementers, researchers and the best available literature, the 5-SPICE framework was refined and then applied to a selection of CHW programs. Insights gleaned from the case study method were summarized in a tabular format named the '5×5-SPICE charts'. This format graphically lists the ways in which essential CHW program elements interact, both positively and negatively, in the implementation field. RESULTS: The 5×5-SPICE charts reveal a variety of insights that come from a more complex understanding of how essential CHW projects interact and influence each other in their unique context. Some have been well described in the literature previously, while others are exclusive to this article. An analysis of how best to compensate CHWs is also offered as an example of the type of insights that this method may yield. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-SPICE framework is a novel instrument that can be used to guide discussions about CHW projects. Insights from this process can help guide quality improvement efforts, or be used as hypothesis that will form the basis of a program's research agenda. Recent experience with research protocols embedded into successfully implemented projects demonstrates how such hypothesis can be rigorously tested.
