[Biopsy and resection of skull base tumors using transorbital endoscopic approaches: primary results]. / Biopsiia i udalenie novoobrazovanii osnovaniia cherepa s primeneniem transorbital'nykh éndoskopicheskikh dostupov: pervye rezul'taty.

AIM: Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery is a new skull base surgery technique that uses the orbit as an artificial corridor to the anterior and middle skull base. The space is created between the periorbita and orbital walls by their additional resection and gentle traction of the orbital contents. Skull base structures are reached using cosmetic incisions. The major advantages of transorbital endoscopic approaches include their variety, possibility of their combination, and access to the central and lateral skull base lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the primary results of transorbital endoscopic biopsy and resection of skull base lesions, which were performed at the N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery (Moscow, Russia). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2017-2018, the authors operated on 12 patients with skull base lesions using transorbital endoscopic approaches. The series included ten female and two male patients. The patient's age varied between 24 and 78 years. All patients were admitted for the first time. Half of them underwent biopsy, while the other half underwent tumor resection. The upper-lateral transorbital approach with an eyebrow incision was used in most (8/12) patients; the retrocaruncular approach was used in two cases; the lateral retrocanthal approach was applied in one case; the upper-medial approach with an eyebrow incision was used in one patient. RESULTS: The histological diagnosis was established in all six biopsies: 3 pseudotumors, 2 WHO Grade I meningiomas, and 1 clear-cell kidney cancer. Tumor resection was successful in 5 out of 6 patients; repeated surgery was required in one patient. In one case, the transorbital approach was combined with the transnasal one for treatment of supraorbital mucocele. One patient developed a persistent neurological deficit (dysfunction of the fifth and sixth nerves) after upper-lateral transorbital surgery. There were no poor cosmetic results in the series. CONCLUSION: Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery needs an interdisciplinary approach and a sufficient amount of surgical experience. Surgical skills setting includes microsurgical and endoscopic tumor resection, harvesting and positioning of free and vascularized grafts for skull base reconstruction and prevention of postoperative enophthalmos, and facial incisions and their cosmetic closure. Implementation of new local vascularized flaps may significantly improve the results of transorbital endoscopic procedures and extend the spectrum of indications.

[The use of platelet gel for repair of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula of the skull base (a case report and literature review)]. / Primenenie trombotsitarnogo gelia dlia plastiki likvornoi fistuly osnovaniia cherepa (sluchai iz praktiki i obzor literatury).

Nasal liquorrhea is a serious problem in surgery of skull base tumors, which is associated with a high risk of purulent-septic complications. This paper presents a case of successful repair of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula with an autologous platelet gel in the postoperative period after removal of meningioma of the anterior cranial fossa base, which was accompanied by a purulent-inflammatory complication in the surgical wound area.

[PREDICTING, POSSIBLE WAYS TO REDUCE AND CORRECTION OF MASSIVE INTRAOPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS IN SPINAL TUMOR SURGERY].

The paper discusses the problem ofpredicting, prevention and therapy of massive intraoperative blood loss in patients with metastasis in spine and spinal cord. We analyze 60 surgical cases in last 14 years in our clinic. Amount of blood loss was more that 80% of total blood volume in each case (from 2.5 to 17 liters). Preoperative selective angiography data on intensity of tumor blood supply were essential for blood loss prediction. Simultaneous embolization oftumor during angiography dramatically reduced intraoperative blood loss. Combination of blood saving techniques (preoperative autodonation, acute normovolemic hemodilution and intraoperative cell salvage) led to effective compensation of blood volume deficit and minimizing of allogenic blood transfusion. Plasma-derived and recombinant factors were effective in management of hemostatic disorders associated with massive blood loss.

[Management of postoperative analgesia in patients after craniotomy].

In a review paper, an analysis of publications in the world literature on the problem of acute postoperative pain in neurosurgical patients who underwent craniotomy is performed. Is shown that problem of acute postoperative pain in patients after craniotomy was underestimated for a long time. Mistakenly was thought that these patients do not experience any pain in the early postoperative period. Results of recent studies have shown that up to 80% of these patients may experience acute pain in the range from mild to severe. Unarrested postoperative pain could cause a number of serious secondary complications. This article demonstrates basic approaches to the prevention and treatment of acute postoperative pain in neurosurgical patients after craniotomy--first of all, the use of narcotic analgesics, NSAIDs, and other approaches.

[Analysis of efficacy and safety of preventive analgesia with transdermal therapeutic system Duragesic Matrix in spine surgery].

The survey studies analgesic effect of postoperative therapy in two groups of patients with spinal disorders. In the first group the standard scheme with NSAID on demand was used. In the second group transdermal therapeutic system Duragesic Matrix was applied. The pain level (by pain level scale) as well as psychological status and IL-6 rate (a reliable indicator of surgical trauma and pain severity) were assessed before and after surgery. Transdermal therapeutic system Duragesic Matrix applied before surgery appeared to be more effective for analgesic therapy than standard scheme with NSAID on demand.

[Comparative evaluation of preventive analgesia with xefocam, ropivacaine, and transdermal drug delivery system of durogesic in patients after craniotomy].

The goal of this study was to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of pre-emptive analgesia in patients after supra- and infratentorial craniotomy. Three hundred and sixty-two postcraniotomy patients aged 16 to 72 years were recruited in the study. The patients were divided into 5 groups. The first two groups received traditional analgesia on demand with metamizole sodium and ketoprofen (Group 1) or xefocam (Group 2). Groups 3-5 had different preemptive analgesia modes. Scheduled dosing of xefocam (8 mg i.v. 30 min prior to surgery and then 8 mg every 8 hours within 48 hours) was used in Group 3. Group 4 underwent scalp nerve block and skin infiltration with ropivacaine. Group 5 had a scheduled dosing of fentanyl (12-18 hours before surgery, Durogesic was applied to the patient's skin in a dose 25 microg per hour for 3 days). Postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) at 6, 18, 30, 42, and 54 hours after surgery. The patients who received pre-emptive analgesia showed significantly lower VAS scores than those who had traditional analgesia (p < 0.05).

[Use of recombinant human erythropoietin preparations as a blood-saving method in neurosurgery].

The paper gives the results of the first clinical use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) within the blood-saving program in neurosurgical patients with preoperative anemia of various genesis and predictable massive intraoperative blood loss. A course of effective therapy with rhEPO is shown to increase hemoglobin and packed cell volume rather rapidly in all patients prior to surgery. This made it possible to effectively apply other blood-saving procedures (isovolemic hemodilution and instrumental reinfusion of washed red blood cells) and to reduce the volume required for the use of donor transfused media in these patients. Various clinical aspects of the use of rhEPO in these patients are discussed.

[Thromboelastography as a method for preoperative screening for the hemostatic system in neurosurgical patients].

The paper analyzes the use of a method of thromboelastography (TEG) as a screening technique of diagnosing hemostatic disorders in risk-group neurosurgical patients: hemostatic disorders detectable from the data of routine laboratory tests; the administration of anticoagulants and desaggresants, the use of anticonvulsants causing impairments in the hemostatic system, hematological diseases, and hepatic cirrhosis. As compared with the routine laboratory tests, TEG is shown to diagnose hemostatic disorders accurately and promptly and to monitor the efficiency of their therapy.

[A case of early postoperative posttransfusion-associated lung injury (TRALI) in a female patient with giant intracranial meningioma and massive intraoperative blood loss].

The paper describes a case of the relatively rare complication transfusion-associated lung injury (TRALI) in the early postoperative period in a female patient who has experienced intraoperative massive blood loss and blood transfusion. It also considers the causes of this complication, its clinical symptoms and differential diagnosis, as well as a package of therapeutic measures and possible lines of prevention.

[Surgical treatment of extensive craniofacial juvenile angiofibromas].

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare benign tumor occurring almost exclusively in adolescent and young adult males. The tumor is characterized by slow progression, aggressive growth, high vascularization and increased rate of persistence and recurrence. From 2000 till 2008 29 consecutive male patients with JNA Fisch grade III and IV (intracranial extradural or intradural extension) were operated in Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute (Moscow, Russia). Most patients received different kinds of treatment before admission to the Institute. All patients underwent surgical resection using predominantly orbitozygomatic approach. Preoperative endovascular embolization was applied. Total removal was achieved in 86% of cases. Postoperative complications included osteomyelitis of the bone flap (4 cases), nasal CSF leak (1 case) etc. Recurrences were observed in 3 patients, all of them underwent repeated surgeries. 4 cases are presented (3 patients with Fisch grade IV tumor and 1 with grade III). Surgical treatment is the basic tactics in management of extensive JNAs. The authors recommend to use orbitozygomatic approach and endoscopic assistance.

[Rhinological aspects of endoscopic endonasal removal of hypophysial adenomas].

The authors analyse rhinological aspects of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal adenomectomy (EETA): a nasal operation, intra- and postoperative liquorrhea, liquorrhea-associated meningitis, postoperative nasal hemorrhage, local changes of nasal cavity anatomic structures; provide practical recommendations on management of the conditions many of which are life-threatening.