Synthesis and Biodegradability of Tartaric Acid-Based Poly(ester-thioether)s via Thiol-Ene Click Polymerization.

Using scandium triflate [Sc(OTf)3] as a catalyst, chemoselective esterification of tartaric acids by 3-butene-1-ol was performed, and we produced three dialkene monomers: l-di(3-butenyl) tartrate (BTA), d-BTA, and meso-BTA. Thiol-ene polyaddition of these dialkenyl tartrates and dithiols including 1,2-ethanedithiol (ED), ethylene bis(thioglycolate) (EBTG), and d,l-dithiothreitol (DTT) proceeded in toluene at 70 °C under nitrogen to give tartrate-containing poly(ester-thioether)s (Mn, (4.2-9.0) × 103; molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn), 1.6-2.5). In differential scanning calorimetry, the poly(ester-thioether)s showed single Tgs between -25 and -8 °C. In biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests using activated sludge, poly(l-BTA-alt-EBTG) and poly(l-BTA-alt-ED) showed 32 and 8% biodegradability, which is comparable to that of similar l-malate-containing poly(ester-thioether)s (23 and 13% biodegradation, respectively). Notably, we observed enantio and diastereo effects on biodegradation because poly(l-BTA-alt-EBTG), poly(d-BTA-alt-EBTG), and poly(meso-BTA-alt- EBTG) showed different degradation behaviors during the biodegradation test (BOD/theoretical oxygen demand (TOD) values after 28 days, 32, 70, and 43%, respectively). Our findings provide insights into the design of biomass-based biodegradable polymers containing chiral centers.

Derivation of a clinical prediction rule for chronic post-surgical pain after total knee arthroplasty considering biopsychosocial factors: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Biopsychosocial factors are involved in the occurrence of chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to develop a clinical prediction rule (CPR) that considers biopsychosocial factors to predict which patients are more likely to develop CPSP after TKA. METHODS: CPSP after TKA was dichotomized into CPSP and non-CPSP groups using the Likert scale and Minimal clinically important difference, and binomial logistic regression analysis was performed. Cut-off values were then calculated using the extracted factors and dichotomized variables. The cut-off values and dichotomized variables were then used to derive a CPR that discriminates between groups with and without CPSP. RESULTS: Seventy-one TKA patients were included in the study. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were associated with CPSP. The cut-off values for CSI and PSQI were 26 and 7, respectively. The CPSP scale was created using the cut-off values of CSI and PSQI, with a score of 0 for being below the cut-off values of both CSI and PSQI, 1 for being above the cut-off values of either CSI or PSQI, and 2 for being above the cut-off values of both CSI and PSQI. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) for CPR created by the presence of CPSP and using the CPSP scale was significant (AUC = 0.766; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The combination of the two tests, CSI and PSQI, suggested the possibility of predicting CPSP after TKA.

Hemoptysis Originating from the Bronchial Artery in Takayasu Arteritis with Ulcerative Colitis.

Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a large-vessel vasculitis affecting the aorta and its main branches. Hemoptysis can be experienced as the respiratory manifestation, but origination from a bronchial artery is rare. Ulcerative colitis (UC) shares genetic similarities with TAK; HLA-B52*01 is associated with TAK and UC. We herein report a patient who presented with hemoptysis from the right bronchial artery and was diagnosed with TAK during the follow-up of UC. Transcatheter embolization was performed, and prednisolone and tocilizumab induced remission. Complication of TAK should be considered in the clinical course of HLA-B52-positive UC patients, and tocilizumab may be a treatment option.

A Label-Free Fluorescent Array Sensor Utilizing Liposome Encapsulating Calcein for Discriminating Target Proteins by Principal Component Analysis.

A new fluorescent arrayed biosensor has been developed to discriminate species and concentrations of target proteins by using plural different phospholipid liposome species encapsulating fluorescent molecules, utilizing differences in permeation of the fluorescent molecules through the membrane to modulate liposome-target protein interactions. This approach proposes a basically new label-free fluorescent sensor, compared with the common technique of developed fluorescent array sensors with labeling. We have confirmed a high output intensity of fluorescence emission related to characteristics of the fluorescent molecules dependent on their concentrations when they leak from inside the liposomes through the perturbed lipid membrane. After taking an array image of the fluorescence emission from the sensor using a CMOS imager, the output intensities of the fluorescence were analyzed by a principal component analysis (PCA) statistical method. It is found from PCA plots that different protein species with several concentrations were successfully discriminated by using the different lipid membranes with high cumulative contribution ratio. We also confirmed that the accuracy of the discrimination by the array sensor with a single shot is higher than that of a single sensor with multiple shots.

Impaired clustered protocadherin-α leads to aggregated retinogeniculate terminals and impaired visual acuity in mice.

Clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) comprising cPcdh-α, -ß, and -γ, encode a large family of cadherin-like cell-adhesion molecules specific to neurons. Impairment of cPcdh-α results in abnormal neuronal projection patterns in specific brain areas. To elucidate the role of cPcdh-α in retinogeniculate projections, we investigated the morphological patterns of retinogeniculate terminals in the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus of mice with impaired cPcdh-α. We found huge aggregated retinogeniculate terminals in the dorsal LG nucleus, whereas no such aggregated terminals derived from the retina were observed in the olivary pretectal nucleus and the ventral LG nucleus. These aggregated terminals appeared between P10 and P14, just before eye opening and at the beginning of the refinement stage of the retinogeniculate projections. Reduced visual acuity was observed in adult mice with impaired cPcdh-α, whereas the orientation selectivity and direction selectivity of neurons in the primary visual cortex were apparently normal. These findings suggest that cPcdh-α is required for adequate spacing of retinogeniculate projections, which may be essential for normal development of visual acuity.