ABSTRACT
Metabolic syndrome has been revealed to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and early mortality in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. In 2005, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Examination Committee of Criteria for Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Japan published new definitions of metabolic syndrome in which central obesity was an indispensable factor. However, the significance of this new definition to CVD in type 2 diabetes has not yet been clarified. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 294 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients without known cardiovascular disease to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome defined by this new definition and carotid atherosclerosis, and the significance of central obesity for the prediction of the development of carotid atherosclerosis. In a multivariate regression analysis, metabolic syndrome but not central obesity was significantly associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) independent of known cardiovascular risk factors (p<0.05). In addition, whereas carotid IMT was significantly increased according to the increase in the number of components of metabolic syndrome, it was not significantly different between the groups with the same number of components of metabolic syndrome with or without central obesity. These findings suggest that the prediction of the development of carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients could be improved by the assessment of aggregation of components of metabolic syndrome rather than with or without metabolic syndrome by this new definition.
Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Obesity/diagnosis , Aged , Carotid Arteries/pathology , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetic Angiopathies/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Tunica Intima/anatomy & histology , Tunica Intima/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography , Waist-Hip RatioABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was useful in evaluating the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. In all cases, glucose tolerance was diagnosed by a 75-g OGTT according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The relationship of clinical variables to the cirrhosis-related prognosis was investigated using univariate and multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) was diagnosed in 21 subjects (38%), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in 13 subjects (23%), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) in 22 subjects (39%) using OGTT. The cumulative survival rates of patients with liver cirrhosis and NGT were 94.7% at 5 yr; liver cirrhosis and IGT, 68.8% at 5 yr; liver cirrhosis and DM, 56.6% at 5 yr. The survival rates of patients with liver cirrhosis and DM significantly differed from those with NGT. Univariate analysis demonstrated that serum albumin, total bilirubin, prothrombin activity, Child-Pugh scores, and glucose intolerance were highly significant prognostic factors. Multiple regression analysis yielded albumin and DM as the most powerful independent negative predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: OGTT appears to be useful for evaluating the prognosis of cirrhotic patients.
Subject(s)
Glucose Tolerance Test , Liver Cirrhosis/mortality , Liver Cirrhosis/pathology , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cohort Studies , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Probability , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Severity of Illness Index , Survival RateSubject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Postprandial Period , Aged , Blood Glucose/analysis , Body Mass Index , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/blood , Insulin/therapeutic use , Japan/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Regression Analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Diabetic microangiopathy is often observed in diabetic patients, but there is little evidence regarding the relationship between post-prandial glycemia or insulinemia and the incidence of diabetic microangiopathy. In this study, to elucidate the relationship between post-prandial glycemia (or insulinemia) and diabetic microangiopathy, we performed a cross-sectional study of 232 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were not being treated with insulin injections. A multiple regression analysis showed that post-prandial hyperglycemia independently correlated with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. Post-prandial hyperglycemia also correlated, although not independently, with the incidence of diabetic nephropathy. In addition, interestingly, post-prandial hypoinsulinemia independently correlated with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy, although not correlated with diabetic neuropathy or nephropathy. In conclusion, post-prandial hyperglycemia, rather than fasting glycemia or hemoglobin A1c levels, is an important predictor of the incidence of diabetic microangiopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.
