ABSTRACT
Intergeneric somatic hybrids between embryogenic callus-derived protoplasts of round kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) and 'Morita navel' orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) were produced by electrofusion. Among the eight different fusion strains obtained, six showed normal morphology, whereas the remaining two showed malformation. All the regenerated plants were intermediate in leaf morphology and had thick and round leaves, which are typical characteristics of polyploids. Ploidy analyses by flow cytometry and chromosome counting in root-tip cells revealed that these plants are amphidiploid (2n=4x=36). Hybridity of the fusion products was confirmed by random amplified polymorphic DNA and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analyses. Furthermore, analyses of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA by CAPS showed that these somatic hybrids contained cp- and mt-DNA of round kumquat without recombination in the regions analyzed.
Subject(s)
Chimera/genetics , Citrus sinensis/physiology , Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified/physiology , Rutaceae/genetics , Rutaceae/physiology , Chloroplasts/genetics , Citrus sinensis/cytology , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , DNA, Plant/analysis , DNA, Plant/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics , Plant Leaves/cytology , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/physiology , Plants, Genetically Modified/cytology , Polyploidy , Recombination, Genetic/genetics , Regeneration/genetics , Rutaceae/cytology , Seeds/cytology , Seeds/genetics , Seeds/physiologyABSTRACT
Malvidin and petunidin 3-(p-coumaroyl)rhamnosylglucoside-5-glucosides as well as nonacylated 3-rhamnosylglucoside-5-glucoside of these anthocyanidins were detected as major anthocyanins in cyanic flowers of Iris ensata. Enzyme extracts from flower buds of this plant catalyzed the transfer of the p-coumaroyl moiety from p-coumaroyl-CoA to both the anthocyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and 3-rhamnosylglucoside-5-glucoside to form the anthocyanidin 3-(p-coumaroyl) rhamnosylglucoside and 3-(p-coumaroyl) rhamnosylglucoside-5-glucoside, at a ratio of ca. 1 to 4, respectively. The activities of this enzyme were also examined for various cyanic and acyanic cultivars, in addition to the characterization of the p-coumaroyltransferase. The sequence of acylation and 5-glucosylation in the anthocyanin biosynthesis of this plant is discussed.
