EUnetHTA's contribution to the new legal framework for health technology assessment cooperation in Europe.

The history of the European cooperation on health technology assessment (HTA) has reached an important milestone with the adoption of the European HTA Regulation (HTA R) 2021/2282 in Dec 2021 (1). Its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union means a lot to those of us who wish to give HTA a stronger role in supporting health policy in favor of sustainable healthcare systems in Europe. The HTA R was prepared well by the European Commission with an impact assessment on policy options for enhanced EU cooperation on HTA (2) in 2017, followed by 3 years of negotiations with Member States. Now the ratified document stipulates that the European Cooperation on HTA will be based on a legal mandate and no longer stay a voluntary project-based initiative. It also means sustainability, since a permanent Secretariat at the European Commission will be set-up under the HTA R.

Study designs for clinical trials applied to personalised medicine: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Personalised medicine (PM) allows treating patients based on their individual demographic, genomic or biological characteristics for tailoring the 'right treatment for the right person at the right time'. Robust methodology is required for PM clinical trials, to correctly identify groups of participants and treatments. As an initial step for the development of new recommendations on trial designs for PM, we aimed to present an overview of the study designs that have been used in this field. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: We searched (April 2020) PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for all reports in English, French, German, Italian and Spanish, describing study designs for clinical trials applied to PM. Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate resolving disagreements by consensus or by involving a third expert reviewer. We extracted information on the characteristics of trial designs and examples of current applications of these approaches. The extracted information was used to generate a new classification of trial designs for PM. RESULTS: We identified 21 trial designs, 10 subtypes and 30 variations of trial designs applied to PM, which we classified into four core categories (namely, Master protocol, Randomise-all, Biomarker strategy and Enrichment). We found 131 clinical trials using these designs, of which the great majority were master protocols (86/131, 65.6%). Most of the trials were phase II studies (75/131, 57.2%) in the field of oncology (113/131, 86.3%). We identified 34 main features of trial designs regarding different aspects (eg, framework, control group, randomisation). The four core categories and 34 features were merged into a double-entry table to create a new classification of trial designs for PM. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of trial designs exists and is applied to PM. A new classification of trial designs is proposed to help readers to navigate the complex field of PM clinical trials.

European collaboration on health technology assessment: looking backward and forward.

The establishment of health technology assessment (HTA) has been an important topic in Europe for many years. There have been a series of activities starting with first projects in 1994 leading to joint actions from the European Network of HTA (EUnetHTA) ending in 2021. This long interval of engagement with HTA structures, methodology, and processes by all member states led to a reliable basis for European collaboration in HTA. This article shows milestones and developments from EUR-ASSESS in 1994 through the progress of EUnetHTA and the accompanying EU-HTA-Network up to the recent elaboration of the EU-HTA-Regulation. With the EU-HTA-Regulation HTA collaboration is taken out of the trial phase of more than 15 years. Through the previous EU HTA collaboration, the appreciation and understanding of the differences and complexities behind the HTA processes in the EU healthcare systems have improved. It is now necessary to make the final steps toward a sustainable European Network for HTA.

Building a model of health technology assessment cooperation: lessons learned from EUnetHTA joint action 3.

OBJECTIVE: The European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) was established in 2006. During its final project phase (joint action 3 [JA3]), it undertook an activity to define the scientific and technical principles of a model of health technology assessment (HTA) cooperation in Europe. This policy article presents the key learnings from JA3 partners about developing a model of HTA cooperation. METHODS: There were two phases to the activity: (i) A descriptive phase to describe the elements of HTA cooperation that were already in place in EUnetHTA JA3 and to identify which elements could be improved or were missing. (ii) An analytic phase synthesizing the data collected to identify learnings from the JA3 and to define the scientific and technical principles for a future model of HTA cooperation. RESULTS: Learnings for developing HTA cooperation were identified in regard to the framework used to support the cooperation, the HTA activities undertaken, the involvement of internal and external actors, managing decision making and the required human resources and support services needed to undertake HTA activities and to coordinate collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: These learnings coming from the experiences of the EUnetHTA JA3 are useful to inform discussions on a European Union regulation for HTA cooperation as well as subsequent work to set up the structures that will be defined in the regulation. The findings also have broader applicability and are relevant to individuals, groups, and organizations setting up HTA programs or establishing their own international collaborations.

Cost-effectiveness of extending the HPV vaccination to boys: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can have severe consequences both in women and men. Preadolescent girls are vaccinated against HPV worldwide but a gender-neutral vaccination is being adopted only little by little. This systematic review offers an overview of cost-effectiveness of the gender-neutral HPV vaccination. METHODS: Economic evaluations of gender-neutral HPV vaccination with a two-dose schedule compared with girls-only strategy were systematically searched in Medline, Embase and WOS up to June 2020. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and key parameters were analysed. RESULTS: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies concluded in favour of the gender-neutral programme, another four found it cost-effective only in alternative scenarios. The most influential parameters are the discount rate of benefits (same as for costs vs reduced), vaccine price (listed vs publicly negotiated) and included health problems (inclusion of oropharyngeal and penile cancers). Sponsorship was not decisive for the final result, but there were differences between industry-funded and independent studies in some cost categories. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence of the cost-effectiveness of extending HPV vaccination to boys is scarce and ambiguous. Before the adoption of such a strategy, countries should carry out context-specific cost-effectiveness analyses, but the decision should also take into account other criteria, such as gender-related equality.

Postlaunch evidence-generation studies for medical devices in Spain: the RedETS approach to integrate real-world evidence into decision making.

The Monitoring Studies (MS) program, the approach developed by RedETS to generate postlaunch real-world evidence (RWE), is intended to complement and enhance the conventional health technology assessment process to support health policy decision making in Spain, besides informing other interested stakeholders, including clinicians and patients. The MS program is focused on specific uncertainties about the real effect, safety, costs, and routine use of new and insufficiently assessed relevant medical devices carefully selected to ensure the value of the additional research needed, by means of structured, controlled, participative, and transparent procedures. However, despite a clear political commitment and economic support from national and regional health authorities, several difficulties were identified along the development and implementation of the first wave of MS, delaying its execution and final reporting. Resolution of these difficulties at the regional and national levels and a greater collaborative impulse in the European Union, given the availability of an appropriate methodological framework already provided by EUnetHTA, might provide a faster and more efficient comparative RWE of improved quality and reliability at the national and international levels.

Population Health and Health Services: Old Challenges and New Realities in the COVID-19 Era.

(1) Background: Health services that were already under pressure before the COVID-19 pandemic to maximize its impact on population health, have not only the imperative to remain resilient and sustainable and be prepared for future waves of the virus, but to take advantage of the learnings from the pandemic to re-configure and support the greatest possible improvements. (2) Methods: A review of articles published by the Special Issue on Population Health and Health Services to identify main drivers for improving the contribution of health services on population health is conducted. (3) Health services have to focus not just on providing the best care to health problems but to improve its focus on health promotion and disease prevention. (4) Conclusions: Implementing innovative but complex solutions to address the problems can hardly be achieved without a multilevel and multisectoral deliberative debate. The CHRODIS PLUS policy dialog method can help standardize policy-making procedures and improve network governance, offering a proven method to strengthen the impact of health services on population health, which in the post-COVID era is more necessary than ever.

[Cost-effectiveness methods of newborn screening assessment.] / Métodos para la evaluación económica de programas de cribado neonatal.

Newborn screening programs are a fundamental tool for secondary prevention or pre-symptomatic detection of certain conditions. The implementation of a newborn screening program requires an evaluation of effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness, feasibility and budget impact. Economic evaluation aims to contribute to the sustainability and solvency of health systems, especially when it comes to informing about financing health interventions with public funds. This funding must be justified on the basis of robust evidence of effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability. One of the most important limitations when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a newborn screening program for hereditary disorders or congenital errors of metabolism is the scarcity of scientific evidence that limits the robustness of the economic analysis. Given the low availability of data, the use of expert opinion as a data source is unavoidable to complete the information. However, two main problems make it difficult to synthesize data obtained from various sources: biases and heterogeneity. Moreover, the measurement of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in pediatric populations poses serious methodological challenges. In Spain, although there is some heterogeneity in the supply of newborn screening programs between regions, guidelines are being established based on the best available scientific evidence to achieve the homogenization of newborn screening policies and programs at national level.

Los programas de cribado neonatal son una herramienta fundamental para la prevención secundaria o detección presintomática de determinadas afecciones. La implantación de un programa de cribado neonatal requiere necesariamente de una evaluación de su efectividad, seguridad, coste-efectividad, factibilidad e impacto presupuestario. La evaluación económica pretende contribuir a la sostenibilidad y solvencia de los sistemas sanitarios, especialmente a la hora de informar sobre la posible financiación, con fondos públicos, de intervenciones sanitarias como el cribado poblacional. Esta financiación debe justificarse en base a pruebas robustas de efectividad, seguridad, coste-efectividad y aceptabilidad. Una de las limitaciones más importantes a la hora de evaluar el coste-efectividad de un programa de cribado neonatal de trastornos hereditarios o de errores congénitos del metabolismo es la escasez de evidencia científica que limita la solidez y robustez del análisis de evaluación económica. Dada la baja disponibilidad de datos, el uso de la opinión de expertos como fuente de datos es inevitable para completar la información necesaria. Sin embargo, dos problemas principales dificultan la síntesis de datos obtenidos de varias fuentes: sesgos y heterogeneidad. Por otro lado, la medición de los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC) en poblaciones pediátricas plantea serios desafíos metodológicos en un análisis de evaluación económica. En España, aunque existe cierta heterogeneidad en la oferta de programas de cribado neonatal entre CC.AA., se están estableciendo directrices basadas en la mejor evidencia científica disponible para conseguir la homogeneización de políticas y programas de cribado neonatal a nivel nacional.

Shaping Policy on Chronic Diseases through National Policy Dialogs in CHRODIS PLUS.

Policy dialogs are deliberative dialogue that gather policy makers and relevant stakeholders from across disciplines to discuss a topic of mutual interest. They typically serve as a single element in a broader policymaking cycle, either informing the content of new policy or forming a component of policy evaluation and review. In the joint action CHRODIS PLUS, national policy dialogs were conducted in fourteen EU Member States. The aim of the dialogs was to identify new policies or changes to existing policies and legislation that are capable of tackling major risk factors for chronic disease, to strengthen health promotion and prevention programs and to ensure health systems are equipped to respond to priority issues within the chronic diseases field. In this paper, we present the CHRODIS PLUS policy dialog methodology, as well as results and lessons learnt from three national policy dialogs held in Ireland, Portugal and Spain. After discussion of the results, we conclude that the CHRODIS PLUS methodology is an effective mechanism to provoke deliberative discussion around chronic disease prevention and management in different countries. However, it is essential to ensure adequate human and financial resources-as well as political commitment-to accomplish objectives set out during the policy dialogs. We argue that priority-setting across sectors can improve the resilience of health systems and opportunities for investment in Health in All Policies (HiAP), both at European Union and Member State levels.

Lessons from the Implementation of Pilot Practices to Tackle the Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Europe.

(1) Background: The gap between research findings and their application in routine practice implies that patients and populations are not benefiting from the investment in scientific research. The objective of this work is to describe the process and main lessons obtained from the pilot practices and recommendation that have been implemented by CHRODIS-PLUS partner organizations; (2) Methods: CHRODIS-PLUS is a Joint Action funded by the European Union Health Programme that continues the work of Joint Action CHRODIS-JA. CHRODIS-PLUS has developed an Implementation Strategy that is being tested to implement innovative practices and recommendations in four main areas of action: health promotion and disease prevention, multimorbidity, fostering quality of care of patients with chronic diseases, and employment and chronic conditions; (3) Results: The Three-Stages CHRODIS-PLUS Implementation Strategy, based on a Local Implementation Working Group, has demonstrated that it can be applied for interventions and in situations and contexts of great diversity, reflecting both its validity and generalizability; (4) Conclusions: Implementation has to recognize the social dynamics associated with implementation, ensuring sympathy toward the culture and values that underpin these processes, which is a key differentiation from more linear improvement approaches.

Employment and Chronic Diseases: Suggested Actions for The Implementation of Inclusive Policies for The Participation of People with Chronic Diseases in the Labour Market.

In recent decades, the number of people living with one or more chronic diseases has increased dramatically, affecting all sectors of society, particularly the labour market. Such an increase of people with chronic diseases combined with the aging of working population affects income levels and job opportunities, careers, social inclusion and working conditions. Both legislation and company regulations should take into account the difficulties that workers experiencing chronic diseases may face in order to be able to formulate innovative and person-centred responses to effectively manage this workforce while simultaneously ensuring employee wellbeing and continued employer productivity. The European Joint Action "CHRODIS PLUS: Implementing good practices for Chronic Diseases" supports European Union Member States in the implementation of new and innovative policies and practices for health promotion, diseases prevention and for promoting participation of people with chronic diseases in labour market. Therefore, a Toolbox for employment and chronic conditions has been developed and its aim is to improve work access and participation of people with chronic diseases and to support employers in implementing health promotion and chronic disease prevention activities in the workplace. The Toolbox consists of two independent instruments: the Training tool for managers and the Toolkit for workplaces that have been tested in different medium and large companies and working sectors in several European countries.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of endovenous cyanoacrylate adhesive ablation for incompetent saphenous veins.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness, safety, and quality of care afforded by cyanoacrylate ablation (CA) vs existing options in treating great saphenous vein incompetence. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review; used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework; assessed the quality of randomized clinical trials using the Cochrane risk of bias tool; and performed a meta-analysis on the available comparative measurements. RESULTS: Three comparative studies, two randomized controlled trials and one observational study comprising 1057 participants, were included for effectiveness assessment purposes. The safety assessment also included 10 case series. Available evidence allowed comparison of CA with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) but not with other treatments. The comparative effectiveness analysis showed that whereas all three treatments reduced disease severity, none was significantly better than any other in terms of effectiveness. In terms of safety, however, CA devices gave rise to fewer adverse events and less severity at 12 months of follow-up than did EVLA or RFA. Other important advantages of CA over EVLA or RFA were linked to quality of care; patients reported less pain during intervention with CA than with RFA or EVLA devices and registered shorter intervention and recovery times. Furthermore, tumescent anesthesia and compression bandages were not necessary, making this technique more comfortable for the patients than endothermal techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with EVLA and RFA, CA treatments yield comparable effectiveness outcomes and lead to less frequent and fewer mild adverse events, without difference in major adverse events. Furthermore, CA devices have advantages in terms of quality of care indicators, such as pain during intervention, treatment and recovery times, lower use of anesthesia, and zero use of compression bandages after treatment.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention to implement a clinical practice guideline for systemic lupus erythematosus: protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with significant potential morbidity and mortality. Substantial gaps have been documented between the development and dissemination of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and their implementation in practice. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multi-component knowledge transfer intervention to implement a CPG for the management of SLE (CPG-SLE). METHODS: The study is an open, multicentre, controlled trial with random allocation by clusters to intervention or control. Clusters are four public university hospitals of the Canary Islands Health Service where rheumatologists are invited to participate. Patients diagnosed with SLE at least one year prior to recruitment are selected. Rheumatologists in intervention group receive a short educational group programme to both update their knowledge about SLE management according to CPG-SLE recommendations and to acquire knowledge and training on use of the patient-centred approach, a decision support tool embedded in the electronic clinical record and a quarterly feedback report containing information on management of SLE patients. Primary endpoint is change in self-perceived disease activity. Secondary endpoints are adherence of professionals to CPG-SLE recommendations, health-related quality of life, patient perception of their participation in decision making, attitudes of professionals towards shared decision making, knowledge of professionals about SLE and use of healthcare resources. Calculated sample size is 412 patients. Data will be collected from questionnaires and clinical records. Length of follow-up will be 18 months. Multilevel mixed models with repeated time measurements will be used to analyze changes in outcomes over time. Cost-effectiveness, from both social and healthcare services perspectives, will be analyzed by measuring effectiveness in terms of quality-adjusted life years gained. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses are planned. DISCUSSION: Impact of CPGs in clinical practice could be improved by applying proven value interventions to implement them. The results of this ongoing trial are expected to generate important scientifically valid and reproducible information not only on clinical effectiveness but also on cost-effectiveness of a multi-component intervention for implementation of a CPG based on communication technologies for chronic patients in the hospital setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03537638 . Registered on 25 May 2018.

Efficacy, Effectiveness, Safety, and Cost-effectiveness of Epidural Adhesiolysis for Treating Failed Back Surgery Syndrome. A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) has a profound impact on patients' quality of life and represents a major clinical challenge and a significant economic burden for society. Adhesiolysis is used as a treatment to eliminate perineural/epidural adhesions in patients with chronic pain attributed to FBSS. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of epidural adhesiolysis compared with other procedures for treating FBSS. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted. The electronic databases Medline/PreMedline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library Plus, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, SCOPUS, Science Citation Index, and PEDRO were consulted through April 2017. Predefined criteria were used to determine inclusion of the studies and to assess their methodological quality. RESULTS: Ten reports were included. No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on efficacy or cost-effectiveness were found. Three reports (corresponding to two RCTs, N = 212) suggested that adhesiolysis was effective, especially for pain and disability. However, both studies presented serious methodological flaws. In addition to RCTs, seven observational studies with high risk of bias reported data on effectiveness and safety. Fifty-eight adverse events were reported among 130 patients undergoing endoscopic adhesiolysis, and 19 among the 110 undergoing percutaneous adhesiolysis. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of adhesiolysis for treating FBSS is nonexistent, whereas evidence on its effectiveness and safety is insufficient. Incorporating data from observational studies did not improve the quality of the evidence on effectiveness.

Cost-effectiveness of vaccines for the prevention of seasonal influenza in different age groups: a systematic review / Coste-efectividad de la vacunación contra la gripe estacional para diferentes grupos de edad: Una revisión sistemática

BACKGROUND: Given the economic burden of seasonal influenza for the healthcare system, we performed a systematic review aiming to update available evidence on the cost-effectiveness of vaccination of seasonal influenza in different age groups, including children. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature on economic evaluations of seasonal influenza vaccination programs in children and adults was carried out. The following databases were searched (January 2013 - April 2018): Medline and PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit and databases of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, HTA, NHS EED). RESULTS: A total of 11 economic evaluations were included. Methodological quality of included studies was acceptable. Scientific evidence shows that seasonal influenza vaccination programs in school-age children can be a cost-effective alternative from national health system perspective and can be cost-saving from societal perspective in European countries. However, available evidence does not allow us to conclude that influenza vaccination programs in healthy adults under 65 years of age were a cost-effective alternative in our context, due to the high uncertainty and the lack of studies carried out in Spanish context. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination programs for the prevention of seasonal influenza in school-age children (3-16 years) can be a cost-effective strategy.

OBJETIVO: Dada la carga económica que supone para el sistema sanitario la gripe estacional, se plantea esta revisión sistemática cuyo objetivo fue actualizar la evidencia disponible sobre el coste-efectividad de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en diferentes grupos de edad, incluyendo población infantil. METODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura de evaluaciones económicas de los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños y adultos. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos (enero 2013 ­ abril 2018): Medline y PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit y en las bases de datos del Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, HTA, NHS EED). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 11 evaluaciones económicas. La calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos fue buena. La evidencia científica muestra que los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños en edad escolar pueden ser una estrategia coste-efectiva desde la perspectiva sanitaria en países europeos. La evidencia científica disponible hasta el momento no nos permite concluir que los programas de vacunación antigripal en adultos sanos de menos de 65 años de edad sean una alternativa costeefectiva en nuestro contexto, debido a la elevada incertidumbre existente y a la escasez de estudios realizados en el contexto español. CONCLUSIONES: Los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños en edad escolar (3-16 años) pueden ser una estrategia coste-efectiva desde la perspectiva del SNS.

Cost-effectiveness of cell-free DNA in maternal blood testing for prenatal detection of trisomy 21, 18 and 13: a systematic review.

The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of the analysis of cell-free DNA in maternal blood, often called the non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT), in the prenatal screening of trisomy in chromosomes 21, 18 and 13. MEDLINE, MEDLINE in process, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched in April 2017. We selected: (1) economic evaluations that estimated the costs and detected cases of trisomy 21, 18 or 13; (2) comparisons of prenatal screening with NIPT (universal or contingent strategies) and the usual screening without NIPT, (3) in pregnant women with any risk of foetal anomalies. Studies were reviewed by two researchers. Data were extracted, the methodological quality was assessed and a narrative synthesis was prepared. In total, 12 studies were included, four of them performed in Europe. Three studies evaluated NIPT as a contingent test, three studies evaluated a universal NIPT, and six studies evaluated both. The results are heterogeneous, especially for the contingent NIPT where the results range from NIPT being dominant to a dominated strategy. Universal NIPT was found to be more effective but also costlier than the usual screening, with very high incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. One advantage of screening with NIPT is lower invasive procedure-related foetal losses than with usual screening. In conclusion, the cost-effectiveness of contingent NIPT is uncertain according to several studies, while the universal NIPT is not cost-effective currently.

Coste-efectividad de la vacunación contra la gripe estacional para diferentes grupos de edad: Una revisión sistemática / Cost-effectiveness of vaccines for the prevention of seasonal influenza in different age groups: a systematic review

Fundamentos: Dada la carga económica que supone para el sistema sanitario la gripe estacional, se plantea esta revisión sistemática cuyo objetivo fue actualizar la evidencia disponible sobre el coste-efectividad de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en diferentes grupos de edad, incluyendo población infantil. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura de evaluaciones económicas de los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños y adultos. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos (enero 2013 - abril 2018): Medline y PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit y en las bases de datos del Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, HTA, NHS EED). Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 evaluaciones económicas. La calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos fue buena. La evidencia científica muestra que los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños en edad escolar pueden ser una estrategia coste-efectiva desde la perspectiva sanitaria en países europeos. La evidencia científica disponible hasta el momento no nos permite concluir que los programas de vacunación antigripal en adultos sanos de menos de 65 años de edad sean una alternativa coste-efectiva en nuestro contexto, debido a la elevada incertidumbre existente y a la escasez de estudios realizados en el contexto español. Conclusiones: Los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños en edad escolar (3-16 años) pueden ser una estrategia coste-efectiva desde la perspectiva del SNS

Background: Given the economic burden of seasonal influenza for the healthcare system, we performed a systematic review aiming to update available evidence on the cost-effectiveness of vaccination of seasonal influenza in different age groups, including children. Methods: A systematic review of the literature on economic evaluations of seasonal influenza vaccination programs in children and adults was carried out. The following databases were searched (January 2013 - April 2018): Medline and PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit and databases of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, HTA, NHS EED). Results: A total of 11 economic evaluations were included. Methodological quality of included studies was acceptable. Scientific evidence shows that seasonal influenza vaccination programs in school-age children can be a cost-effective alternative from national health system perspective and can be cost-saving from societal perspective in European countries. However, available evidence does not allow us to conclude that influenza vaccination programs in healthy adults under 65 years of age were a cost-effective alternative in our context, due to the high uncertainty and the lack of studies carried out in Spanish context. Conclusions: Vaccination programs for the prevention of seasonal influenza in school-age children (3-16 years) can be a cost-effective strategy

Biodegradable stents for the treatment of refractory or recurrent benign esophageal stenosis.

INTRODUCTION: Esophageal stents are used for the treatment of refractory and recurrent dyphagias. In 2007, esophageal biodegradable stents (EBS) were authorised as an alternative to existing metal and plastic stents in Europe. The advantages claimed for EBS are fewer complications concerning tissue ingrowth, stent migration and stent removal. AREAS COVERED: We performed a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EBS compared to fully-covered self-expanding metal stents, self-expanding plastic stents, and esophageal dilation for the treatment of refractory or recurrent benign esophageal stenosis. Three comparative studies (one randomized controlled trial and two cohort studies) were assessed. The studies used different inclusion criteria, had a very small (sample) size and the quality of the evidence was very low. Expert commentary: The current evidence is insufficient to determine the relative efficacy or safety of esophageal biodegradable stents. The results of this systematic review should be updated once new evidence is available.

Economic evaluation of Chagas disease screening in Spain.

Although Spain is the European country with the highest Chagas disease burden, the country does not have a national control program of the disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of several strategies for Chagas disease screening among Latin American residents living in Spain. The following screening strategies were evaluated: (1) non-screening; (2) screening of the Latin American pregnant women and their newborns; (3) screening also the relatives of the positive pregnant women; (4) screening also the relatives of the negative pregnant women. A cost-utility analysis was carried out to compare the four strategies from two perspectives, the societal and the Spanish National Health System (SNHS). A decision tree representing the clinical evolution of Chagas disease throughout patient's life was built. The strategies were compared through the incremental cost-utility ratio, using euros as cost measurement and quality-adjusted life years as utility measurement. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the model parameters and their influence on the results. We found the "Non-screening" as the most expensive and less effective of the evaluated strategies, from both the societal and the SNHS perspectives. Among the screening evaluated strategies the most efficient was, from both perspectives, to extent the antenatal screening of the Latin American pregnant women and their newborns up to the relatives of the positive women. Several parameters influenced significantly on the sensitivity analyses, particularly the chronic treatment efficacy or the prevalence of Chagas disease. In conclusion, for the general Latin American immigrants living in Spain the most efficient would be to screen the Latin American mothers, their newborns and the close relatives of the mothers with a positive serology. However for higher prevalence immigrant population the most efficient intervention would be to extend the program to the close relatives of the negative mothers.