[The active search for occupational diseases in the engineering industries. Diseases associated with exposure to welding activities in optical radiation: dry eye syndrome]. / La ricerca attiva delle malattie professionali nel settore della metalmeccanica. Patologie connesse all'esposizione a R.O.A. nelle attività di saldatura: la sindrome dell'occhio secco.

In the project of active research of occupational diseases was conducted a study on 45 welders in the engineering companies, with particular attention to the hazards of exposure to the optical radiation. The protocol used involved the execution of Breack Up test, Schirmer test, corneal staining and scraping cytology. It revealed that more than half of the welders had ocular lesions referable to their work activity as well as some permanent functional damages with the characters of dry eye syndrome. None of these diseases, which could alert for medical-legal and insurance, was highlighted by the occupational health physician.

[Personal protective equipment: directions for the application of Legislative Decree 81/08 in surveillance]. / Dispositivi di protezione individuale: indicazioni operative per l'applicazione del D.Lgs 81/08 in ambito di vigilanza.

The laws on workplace safety and in particular the DLgs. 81/08, contemplate an organisation which firstly promotes collective protection measures and elimination of any type of risk. The use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is therefore always secondary to the correct implementation of all possible technical and organisational procedures. DLgs 81/08 establishes that PPE must be in accordance with DLgs 475/92, with DM 02.05.01 and UNI rules. Regulation 453/2010 (REACH), requires the contents of the safety data of dangerous substances. Given this complexity, the evaluation of the correct adoption and use of PPE is particularly challenging. In order to assist controlling activities, a document has been written containing the main guidelines. A first draft of the document was approved by the Committee of Directors of the SPRESAL of the "Regione Lazio" in 2008. The evolution of regulations and the need to make further improvements have made it necessary to draw up a new version to improve supervision in the workplace.

[Correlation between exhaled benzene and environmental exposure in refinery workers]. / Correlazione tra il dosaggio del benzene nell'aria alveolare ed i livelli ambientali nei lavoratori di una raffineria.

Benzene is still present in various working processes. Many methods are available for the biological monitoring of benzene exposure. The Authors present a study concerning a series of 23 workers of a refinery exposed to benzene. The measurement of benzene in alveolar air was preferred to quantify exposure. In this paper, adopting an original, simple and reliable device to collect the samples of alveolar air, a good correlation was found between the levels of benzene in the alveolar air and the environmental individual sampling.

[Atypical jobs: current facts, health surveillance and monitoring]. / I lavori atipici: rilievi di attualità, sorveglianza sanitaria, vigilanza.

Based on the analysis of data collected during scientific studies and on the knowledge gained from the investigations on flexible or new forms of jobs it can be observed that the increasing amount of industrial accidents reporting and the existence of bad frame of mind are to be charged to the lack of training, to the uncertainty related to these type of jobs, to the short duration of the employment timeframe, to the difficulty of being in line with the company security standards, to risky activities, to immigrants who hardly get socially integrated, to workers with a low level of education and to their limited work experience. Since lots of studies have demonstrated that workers are fully unsatisfied when they recognize the uncertainty of their job situation it is mandatory to intervene on the real implementation of training, health control, emergency management and monitoring, thus avoiding any kind of marginalization. Given the complexity of these new forms of jobs, it will be up to the supervising institutions to look for new and adequate models and tools to monitor and control all the different situations, always keeping in mind all the relevant rules and laws.

Umbilical cord serum activin A levels are increased in pre-eclampsia with impaired blood flow in the uteroplacental and fetal circulation.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the umbilical cord serum activin A concentrations in complicated pregnancies and also to explore the relationship between activin A levels and blood flow velocity in fetal arteries. Umbilical cord blood samples were obtained postpartum after a full term uneventful gestation (control group, n=40), and from pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (n=13), preterm labour (n=18), or pre-eclampsia (n=19). Cord serum activin A levels were three-fold higher in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia (1.17+/-0.14 ng/ml, p<0.01) than in the control group (0.43+/-0.03 ng/ml), but were unaltered in the diabetes and preterm labour groups. The pre-eclampsia group had a marked increase of umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) and also a decrease of middle cerebral artery PI (p<0.01). Furthermore, activin A concentration correlated directly with the umbilical artery PI (r=0.540, p=0.021), with the length of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (r=0.857, p<0.001) and also with cord blood pH (r=-0.886, p<0.001). In conclusion, umbilical cord serum activin A levels are increased in the presence of pre-eclampsia and provide an indirect marker of impaired blood flow in the uteroplacental and fetal circulation.

The measurement of maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-binding protein improves the early prediction of preeclampsia.

In the present study we measured maternal plasma concentrations of two placental neurohormones, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP), in 58 at-risk pregnant women consecutively enrolled between 28 and 29 wk of pregnancy to evaluate whether their evaluation may predict third trimester-onset preeclampsia (PE). The statistical significance was assessed by t test. The cut-off points for defining altered CRF and CRF-BP levels for prediction of PE were chosen by receiving operator characteristics curve analysis, and the probability of developing PE was calculated for several combinations of hormone testing results. CRF and CRF-BP levels were significantly (both P < 0.0001) higher and lower, respectively, in the patients (n = 20) who later developed PE than in those who did not present PE at follow-up. CRF at the cut-off 425.95 pmol/liter achieved a sensitivity of 94.8% and a specificity of 96.9%, whereas CRF-BP at the cut-off 125.8 nmol/liter combined a sensitivity of 92.5% and a specificity of 82.5% as single markers for prediction of PE. The probability of PE was 34.5% in the whole study population, 93.75% when both CRF and CRF-BP levels were changed, and 0% if both hormone markers were unaltered. The measurement of CRF and CRF-BP levels may add significant prognostic information for predicting PE in at-risk pregnant women.

Cardiac effects of formoterol and salmeterol in patients suffering from COPD with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia.

OBJECTIVE: There are several reports of documented adverse cardiac effects during treatment with beta-agonists. Since one should be aware that this may be a problem in patients with preexisting cardiac disorders, we have conducted a randomized, single-blind, balanced, crossover, placebo-controlled study to assess the cardiac effects of two single doses of formoterol (12 microg and 24 microg) and one single dose of salmeterol (50 microg) in 12 patients suffering from COPD with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia (PaO2<60 mm Hg). DESIGN: Each patient was evaluated at a screening visit that included spirometry, blood gas analysis, plasma potassium measurement, and 12-lead ECG. In following nonconsecutive days, all patients underwent Holter monitoring 24 h during each of the four treatments. Holter monitoring was started soon before drug administration in the morning. Plasma potassium level was measured before drug inhalation, at 2-h intervals for 6 h, and at 9, 12, and 24 h following administration. None of our patients took rescue medication during the 24-h period. RESULTS: Holter monitoring showed a heart rate higher after formoterol, 24 microg, than after formoterol, 12 microg, and salmeterol, 50 microg, and supraventricular or ventricular premature beats more often after formoterol, 24 microg. Formoterol, 24 microg, significantly reduced plasma potassium level for 9 h when compared with placebo, whereas formoterol, 12 microg, was different after 2 h and salmeterol, 50 microg, from 4 to 6 h. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that if a COPD patient is suffering from preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia, long-acting beta-agonists may have adverse effects on the myocardium, although the recommended single dose of salmeterol and formoterol, 12 microg, allows a higher safety margin than formoterol, 24 microg.

Bioavailability of timolol and aceclidine after ocular instillation in the rabbit.

The bioavailability of timolol and aceclidine after the ocular instillation of each drug (timolol 0.5% or aceclidine 2%) or both combined (timolol 0.5% + aceclidine 2%) has been evaluated in rabbits. 15 male albino rabbits were treated by the instillation of timolol and aceclidine alone or combined in the conjunctival sac of the right eye. Timolol concentrations in humor aqueous were assayed at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 6 hr after instillation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aceclidine was assayed by a pharmacodynamic method: pupillary diameter at the following time intervals 0 (basal value), 1 min, 5 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 6 hr after treatment. Our results demonstrated that no differences in timolol and aceclidine bioavailability were found between simple-drug preparations and their combination.

[Differences in the symptomatology of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias in relation to the different sites of localization of the arrhythmic reentry circuit. Clinical picture, semiologic and genetic aspects]. / Diversità di sintomatologia nelle tachicardie parossistiche sopraventricolari (TPSR) correlata alla differente localizzazione del circuito aritmico di rientro. Analisi del quadro clinico e considerazioni semeiogenetiche.

Transesophageal, electrophysiologic studies were conducted in 47 patients, with clinical and ECGgraphic diagnosis of paroxysmal reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia. After admission to hospital, the patients were enrolled in the study in accordance with the criterion concerning the exclusion of patients with signs and symptoms of severe heart pump failure (ie, NYHA III and IV class were excluded). The transesophageal study was performed during paroxysmal tachycardia in each patient to measure the V-A interval and to localize the site of reentry. Thereby, the patients could be grouped into 2 subsets, ie those with A-V nodal reentrant tachycardia (no. 30 patients) and those with accessory pathway reentrant tachycardia (no. 17 patients). Moreover, the prevalence in both subsets was evaluated in the following signs and symptoms: palpitations, dyspnoea, chest pain, pulsations in the neck, significant increase in urinary output, hypotension, dizziness, near-syncope, syncope, shock, focal brain injury. From the data analysis, significantly greater prevalence of palpitations in the neck resulted in the subset of patients with reentry confined to the A-V node (no. 20 cases) compared with those suffering from reentry via accessory pathway (no. 4 cases). Moreover the arterial pressure, in A-V nodal reentrant tachycardia, showed the lowest values and the best decreases, together with the finding of a more rapid trend to decline in comparison with the accessory pathway subset. On the other hand, no significant differences could be seen about the remaining symptoms. In an attempt to provide the reliable explanation for the differences found between the 2 subsets of study, concerning both the unpleasant pulsations in the neck and the pressure decrease, we postulated a remarkable role for the length of arrhythmic circle movement. The smaller dimensions of circuit limbs, in A-V nodal reentrant tachycardia, are likely to be the principle cause of the different clinical features of 2 types of reentry. We speculate actually that in susceptible patients the critical event is most likely to be A-V functional dissociation due to early and unphysiologic activation of atria by stimulus rapidly reentrant from the bottom portion of the AV node: the simultaneous occurrence, frequent in A-V node reentry, of both, atrial and ventricular mechanical activation, would result, however, in impairment of atrial haemodynamics due to development of cannon A waves, able either to activate a vasodepressor reflex from the atria or to stimulate instantaneous release of atrial natriuretic factor in the circulation. Further studies, however, are necessary to be performed on large cases-records, to confirm our hypothesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Usefulness of a complete echographic evaluation of the atrial dimensions for the diagnosis of idiopathic atrial fibrillation]. / Utilità di una valutazione ecografica completa delle dimensioni atriali per la diagnosi di fibrillazione atriale "idiopatica".

Left atrial enlargement may occur sometimes through only the increase of the supero-inferior (S-I) diameter, with normality of the antero-posterior (A-P) and latero-medial dimensions. In this study, both the largest dimensions of the left atrium and S-I and transversal dimensions of the left atrium and S-I and transversal dimensions of the right atrium were investigated, among the 98 pts suffering from recurrent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation (FAP). On the basis of the clinical, ECGraphic and echocardiographic data, a subgroup of 78 pts has been found, with FAP reliable to heart disease, which mostly appeared as accompanying a finding of atrial enlargement--left or right or both--. The remaining 20 pts distinguished, by means of the echocardiographic findings, as following: a) "idiopathic" FAP, neither dependent on heart disease nor on atrial enlargement (no. 11 pts); b) FAP dependent on "unexplained" atrial enlargement, i.e. unreliable to definite cardiac pathology (no. 9 pts). Among the b) pts, 7 showed the only, isolated S-I dimension increased. Therefore, the determination of the all largest dimensions of the atria, in pts with recurrent FAP, appeared able to more carefully distinguish the true cases of "idiopathic" FAP.

[Anesthesia, blood glucose, insulin and plasma renin. Experimental research with althesin, thiopental and ketamine]. / Narcosi, glicemia, insulina e renina plasmatica. Ricerche sperimentali con althesin, thiopentale e ketamina.

In the rat, narcotic doses of Althesin injected intraperitoneally did not modify blood glucose concentration nor plasma insulin concentration. On the contrary a reduction of blood glucose concentration, associated with an increase of plasma insulin concentration was observed when narcotic doses of thiopental and ketamine were. Plasma renin concentration decreased after injection of Althesin and thiopental while increased after injection of ketamine.

[Sodium phosphocreatine and the cardiovascular and respiratory systems]. / Fosfocreatina sodica ed apparato cardiovascolare e respiratorio.

In the dog, rat and chick, phosphocreatine-Na has not caused, from an experimental point of view, significative modifications of the cardiovascular- and respiratory-apparatus, of the reactivity of the cardio-regulator centers, of the baroreceptorial carotid-sinus and glomus reactivity, of the gangliar-, muscarinic-, histaminergic-, dopaminergic-, beta-adrenergic- and serotoninergic- vasomotor reactivity; only the vasomotor reactivity of a constrictive-type induced by epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, occlusion of the two common carotid arteries, hypertension and by BaCl2 is moderately reduced. It is interesting to note that the hypotensive response evoked by adenosine was augmented.

[Platelet aggregation and antihypertensive alpha-adrenergic agonists]. / Aggregazione delle piastrine ed anti-ipertensivi alpha-adrenergici stimolanti.

In their experimental researches the Authors showed that the well-known antihypertensive alpha-adrenergic stimulant drugs (clonidine, flutonidine and guanabenz) were able to antagonize at very high concentrations the platelet aggregation induced by ADP and by thrombin on rabbit PRP.