ABSTRACT
Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) show great promise as candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the potential of ASIB is impeded by the limited availability of suitable anode types and the occurrence of dissolution side reactions linked to hydrogen evolution. In this study, we addressed these challenges by developing a Bi-coating modified anode based on a sodium titanium phosphate (NTP)-carbon fibers (CFs) hybrid electrode (NTP-CFs/Bi). The Bi-coating effectively mitigates the localized enrichment of hydroxyl anion (OH-) near the NTP surface, thus addressing the dissolution issue. Notably, the Bi-coating not only restricts the local abundance of OH- to inhibit dissolution but also ensures a higher capacity compared with other NTP-based anodes. Consequently, the NTP-CFs/Bi anode demonstrates an impressive specific capacity of 216.8 mAh/g at 0.2 mV/s and maintains a 90.7 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 6.3 A/g. This achievement sets a new capacity record among NTP-based anodes for sodium storage. Furthermore, when paired with a cathode composed of hydroxy nickel oxide directly grown on Ni foam, we assembled a seawater-based cell exhibiting high energy and power densities, surpassing the most recently reported ASIBs. This groundbreaking work lays the foundation for a potential method to develop long-life NTP-based anodes.
