Crouching over the toilet seat: prevalence among British gynaecological outpatients and its effect upon micturition.

This study investigated whether British women prefer to crouch over public toilet seats, and measured the effect of such a voiding position on urine flow rate and residual urine volume. Of 528 consecutive women who attended a general gynaecological clinic and completed an anonymous questionnaire, 85% usually crouched over the toilet when using a public convenience, 12% applied paper to the seat and 2% sat directly on public toilet seats. When using a friend's bathroom 38% of the women voided by crouching. Results were similar for 155 patients attending a urodynamic clinic, 80 of whom were studied while voiding in both positions. There was a 21% reduction in average urine flow rate and a 149% increase in residual urine volume in the crouching position. Women undergoing urodynamic tests should be asked which voiding position they used before abnormal results are interpreted. Patients with a reduced functional bladder capacity may benefit from being encouraged to sit comfortably on the toilet whenever possible.

Severe intravascular coagulation preceding severe pre-eclampsia.

A patient is described in whom clinical and laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation preceded the development of fulminating pre-eclampsia necessitating the delivery of a fresh stillbirth by Caesarean section at 31 weeks.