Corrigendum: Age differences in leadership positions across cultures.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703831.].

Culture, Aging, Self-Continuity, and Life Satisfaction.

The present work examines how culture and age interact to influence self-continuity and life satisfaction. Specifically, we compared Canadian and Chinese young (17-26 years old) and older adults (60-88 years old) in their sense of self-continuity and life satisfaction (N = 424). Consistent with past research, older adults reported greater self-continuity compared to their young counterparts, while cross-cultural comparisons showed that young Chinese reported greater self-continuity than young Canadians. In terms of life satisfaction, older adults again scored higher than younger adults, while cross-cultural comparisons indicated that, this time, young Canadians reported higher life satisfaction than young Chinese. Although the data were cross-sectional, indirect effects analyses showed that self-continuity mediated the effect of age on life satisfaction in both cultural groups, with the indirect effect stronger among Canadians than among Chinese. These findings highlight the importance of considering culture and age when examining psychological outcomes, and the potential of self-continuity as a mechanism to enhance overall life satisfaction.

Age Differences in Leadership Positions Across Cultures.

In most countries around the world, the population is rapidly aging. A by-product of these demographic shifts is that older adults will likely occupy more positions of power and influence in our societies than ever before. Further, cultural differences might shape how these transitions unfold around the globe. Across two studies, we investigated whether business and political leaders differed in age across various cultures. Study 1 (N = 1,034) showed that business leaders were significantly older in Eastern (e.g., China, India, and Japan) cultures than Western (e.g., United States, Sweden, and United Kingdom) cultures, even while controlling for population structure (e.g., percentage of elderly in the society), gross domestic product (GDP), and wealth distribution across the population (GINI). Study 2 (N = 1,268) conceptually replicated these findings by showing that political leaders were once again older in Eastern vs. Western cultures. Furthermore, cultural tightness mediated the relationship between culture and older leadership. These findings highlight how cultural differences impact not only our preferences, but also important outcomes in consequential domains such as business and politics. Potential explanations for why cultural tightness may be related to differences in leader age across cultures are discussed. To build on these findings, future research should assess the potential causal mechanisms underlying the cultural effect on leader age, and explore the various practical implications of this effect.

"Then and Now": Examining the Impact of Temporal Focus on Persuasive Messages across Seniors and Young Adults.

BACKGROUND: As the number of seniors around the world continues to proliferate, research devoted to enhancing our understanding of the specific needs of these individuals is warranted. The present research documents how the concept of time influences the preferences and behavioral intentions of older and younger adults in a consumer behavior context. METHODS: Study 1 had 99 young adults (under 25) and 82 seniors (over 65) rate persuasive advertisements varying in their temporal focus (past vs future vs control). Using a forced-choice paradigm, Study 2 had 98 young adults and 74 seniors choose between a product being advertised using a past versus future frame. RESULTS: Study 1 indicated that seniors responded more favorably to advertisements presented with a past-focus compared to future-focused and control ads, while younger adults rated the control ads higher than both the past- and future-focused ones. Study 2 reported that seniors opted for a past-focused product more frequently (68%) than a future-focused alternative (32%), with younger adults showing no pattern in their choices. CONCLUSIONS: Seniors may respond more favorably to persuasive messages framed with a past temporal focus, in turn influencing their preferences and decision-making across several domains including consumer behavior, health promotion, and leadership.

Examining Young Recreational Male Soccer Players' Experience in Adult- and Peer-Led Structures.

PURPOSE: Youth sport has the potential to be one of the healthiest and most beneficial activities in which children can partake. Participation in a combination of adult-led and peer-led sport structures appears to lead to favorable outcomes such as enhanced physical fitness, as well as social and emotional development. The purpose of the present study was to examine the subjective and objective experiences of 27 recreational male soccer players aged 10 to 12 years old (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.32) across adult-led and peer-led sport structures. METHOD: Direct video observation and experience-rating scales were utilized in an effort to shed light on the impact of adult-led and peer-led sport structures on the same athletes. RESULTS: In the adult-led structures, youth experienced high levels of effort and concentration while spending more time physically or mentally engaged. Meanwhile, youth experienced high rates of prosocial behaviors, sport-related communication, and general communication during the peer-led structures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that rather than one approach being superior to the other, both adult- and peer-led sport structures have the potential to yield unique benefits toward children's positive experiences in sport.

Oestradiol transmission from males to females in the context of the Bruce and Vandenbergh effects in mice (Mus musculus).

Male mice actively direct their urine at nearby females, and this urine reliably contains unconjugated oestradiol (E(2)) and other steroids. Giving inseminated females minute doses of exogenous E(2), either systemically or intranasally, can cause failure of blastocyst implantation. Giving juvenile females minute doses of exogenous E(2) promotes measures of reproductive maturity such as uterine mass. Here we show that tritium-labelled E(2) ((3)H-E(2)) can be traced from injection into novel male mice to tissues of cohabiting inseminated and juvenile females. We show the presence of (3)H-E(2) in male excretions, transmission to the circulation of females and arrival in the female reproductive tract. In males, (3)H-E(2) given systemically was readily found in reproductive tissues and was especially abundant in bladder urine. In females, (3)H-E(2) was found to enter the system via both nasal and percutaneous routes, and was measurable in the uterus and other tissues. As supraoptimal E(2) levels can both interfere with blastocyst implantation in inseminated females and promote uterine growth in juvenile females, we suggest that absorption of male-excreted E(2) can account for major aspects of the Bruce and Vandenbergh effects.