Methanolic extract of S. securidaca flowers, leaves, and seeds' antihyperlipidemic effects on high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats.

Significant risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress, which together rank as three of the most significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Securigera securidaca lowers cholesterol levels in diabetic rats' blood. This investigation's objective was to determine how methanolic extracts affected the flowers, leaves, and seeds of plants in rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Five groups of animals were created (n = 5). A total of 35 days, divided into two intervals, were used for the study. Rats received HFD during the first 15-day interval, while during the second 20-day interval, they also received extracts or the Atorvastatin reference drug. The extract of seeds has a high phenol content as well as DPPH radical antioxidant activity. Extracts were given at a dose of 200 mg/kg; p.o. Methanolic treatment of S. securidaca flowers, leaves, and seeds in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats resulted in significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLC, and VLDL-C levels. HDL-C levels increased significantly because of the leaves. While in hyperlipidemic rats, seeds significantly reduced the activities of the enzymes ALT and ALP. The findings showed that, to a certain extent, seeds, flowers, and leaves may have benefits in reducing hyperlipidemia brought on by HFD in terms of lipid profiles and liver function enzymes. The findings of this study indicate a promising application prospect, but more research is needed to determine the exact mechanism of these novel compounds as antihyperlipidemic agents and to clarify their potential combination effect with synthetic drugs such as Atorvastatin. Combinations can reduce the dose of chemical medications required, which lowers the risk of side effects.

Effects of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils on growth performance and intestinal flora in weanling pigs / Efecto de los ácidos orgánicos y aceites esenciales microencapsulados sobre el crecimiento y flora intestinal en cerdos destetos / Efeito dos ácidos orgânicos e óleos essenciais microencapsulados sob a flora intestinal e o crescimento em suínos desmamados

Background: dietary supplementation with organic acids and essential oils has positive effects on growth improvement and nutrient digestion. Microencapsulation of nutrients allow for the slow release of core materials in a specific period and/or environment. Objective: to investigate the effect of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils (MOE) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood and fecal characteristics in weanling pigs. Methods: one-hundred twenty-five weanling pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) x Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 6.76 ± 0.11 Kg were used in a 42-d experiment. Pigs were allotted to five dietary treatments according to initial body weight, using five replicates per treatment and five pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) NC (negative control): basal diet free of antibiotics; 2) PC (positive control), basal diet with tiamulin 39 mg/kg; 3) MOE0.5, basal diet with 0.5 g MOE/kg; 4) MOE1, basal diet with 1 g MOE/kg; and 5) MOE2, basal diet with 2 g MOE/kg. Results: final BW was greater in MOE2 and PC treatments compared to NC treatment (p<0.05). Increased feed efficiency (G:F) was observed for MOE treatments during 0 to 7 d compared with NC and PC (p<0.05). During 7 to 21 d, MOE0.5 and MOE1 supplementation decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with PC (p<0.05). However, there were no differences in average daily gain (ADG) and G:F among treatments (p>0.05). During 22 to 42 d, ADG was greater for PC compared with NC (p<0.05). The G:F of NC and MOE0.5 was lower than that of PC (p<0.05). Overall, ADG and G:F were greater for PC compared to NC (p<0.05). On 42 d, DM and N digestibilities in PC and MOE were greater (p<0.05) than in NC. Fecal scores of pigs fed MOE1 were lower (p<0.05) than those of pigs fed NC. Fecal pH was decreased in MOE0.5 and MOE1 when compared to NC (p<0.05) on day 7. Fecal pH was decreased with MOE compared to NC and PC (p<0.05) on d 21. Conclusion: MOE supplementation improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility while decreasing fecal scores and pH in weanling pigs.

Antecedentes: la suplementación con ácidos orgánicos y aceites esenciales mejora el crecimiento y digestibilidad de los nutrientes. Los microencapsulados permiten la lenta liberación de materiales en periodos y/o ambientes especiales. Objetivo: investigar el efecto de los ácidos orgánicos y aceites esenciales (MOE) microencapsulados sobre el crecimiento, digestibilidad de los nutrientes, y características sanguíneas y de heces en cerdos destetos. Métodos: fueron utilizados 125 cerdos destetos [(Yorkshire × Landrace) x Duroc], con un peso promedio (BW) de 6,76 ± 0,11 kg en un experimento con duración de 42 d. Los cerdos fueron asignados a 5 tratamientos dietarios de acuerdo a su peso inicial, 5 réplicas por tratamiento con 5 cerdos por corral. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) control negativo (NC), dieta básica libre de antibióticos; 2) control positivo (PC), dieta básica + tiamulina 39 mg/ kg; 3) MOE0.5, dieta básica + 0,5 g MOE/kg; 4) MOE1, dieta básica + 1 g MOE/kg; y 5) MOE2, dieta básica + 2 g MOE/kg. Resultados: el peso final fue mayor en MOE2 y PC que en NC (p<0,05). Durante los d 0 al 7, los cerdos tuvieron un incremento de la eficiencia alimenticia (G:F) con MOE en comparación con NC y PC (p<0,05). Durante los d 7 al 21, disminuyó el consumo promedio de alimento (ADFI) en los cerdos sometidos a MOE0.5 y MOE1 en comparación con PC (p<0,05). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia significativa en la ganancia diaria de peso (ADG) y G:F comparados con PC (p<0,05). Durante los d 22 al 42, la ADG fue mayor en PC que en NC (p<0,05). En NC y MOE0.5 la G:F disminuyó en comparación con PC (p<0,05). La ADG y G:F fue mayor en PC que en NC (p<0,05). En el d 42, la digestibilidad de la materia seca y nitrógeno fue mayor (p<0,05) en PC y los suplementados con MOE que en NC. La calificación de las heces de cerdos alimentados con MOE1 fue menor (p<0,05) que la de NC. El pH fecal disminuyó (p<0,05) en MOE0.5 y MOE1 comparado con NC en el d 7. El pH fecal disminuyó en los tratamientos con MOE comparado con NC y PC en el d 21. Conclusión: la suplementación con MOE puede mejorar el crecimiento y digestibilidad de los nutrientes, y disminuir la calificación fecal y pH en cerdos destetos.

Antecedentes: a suplementação com ácidos orgânicos e óleos essenciais melhora o crescimento e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. A microencapsulação pode permitir a liberação lenta de materiais em um período e/ou ambiente especial. Objetivo: pesquisar sobre o efeito dos ácidos orgânicos microencapsulados e óleos essenciais (MOE) no desempenho produtivo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, as características sanguíneas e fecais em leitões desmamados. Métodos: utilizou-se uma amostra total de 125 leitões desmamados [(York Shire × Landrace) x Duroc] com um peso corporal médio (BW) de 6,76 ± 0,11 kg testados durante 42 d. Os leitões foram distribuídos em cinco tratamentos dietéticos de acordo com seu peso corporal inicial, cinco repetições por tratamento com cinco animais por curral. Os tratamentos foram: 1) NC (controle negativo): dieta basal livre de antibióticos; 2) PC (controle positivo), dieta basal com tiamuline 39 mg/kg; 3) MOE0.5, dieta basal com 0,5 g MOE/kg; 4) MOE1, dieta basal com 1 g MOE/kg; e 5) MOE2, dieta basal com 2 g MOE/kg. Resultados: o peso final foi maior em MOE2 e PC do que NC (p<0,05). Durante 0-7 d, houve um aumento da eficiência alimentar (G: F) com MOE em comparação com NC e PC (p<0,05). Durante o período 7 a 21 d, a suplementação MOE0.5 e MOE1 diminuiu o consumo médio diário de ração (ADFI), em comparação com PC (p<0,05). No entanto, não houve diferenças em ganho de peso médio diário (ADG) e G:F entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). No período entre os 22 e 42 d, ADG foi maior no tratamento PC que NC (p<0,05). Em NC e MOE0.5 a G:F diminui-o em comparação com PC (p<0,05). Em geral, a ADG e G:F foram maiores no PC do que NC (p<0,05). No dia 42, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e nitrogênio foi maior em PC e MOE que em NC (p<0,05). A pontuação fecal de suínos alimentados com MOE1 foi menor que a NC (p<0,05). No dia 7 o pH das fezes diminuiu em MOE0.5 e MOE1 em comparação com NC (p<0,05). O pH fecal no dia 21 diminuiu com MOE em comparação com NC e PC (p<0,05). Conclusão: a suplementação com MOE pode melhorar o desempenho de crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes, bem como diminuir o escore fecal e pH em leitões desmamados.

Non-typeable Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates genetically similar to invasive and carriage isolates expressing capsular type 14 in Brazilian infants.

OBJECTIVES: We have recently found a high prevalence of non-typeable pneumococcal isolates (NTPn) circulating in day-care centers in Central Brazil, besides serotype 14 isolates. We therefore examined the genetic relationship among NTPn and serotype 14 from carriage and invasive pneumococcal isolates obtained from children attending emergency rooms enrolled in a population-based surveillance. METHODS: The isolates were characterized by Quellung reaction serotyping, PCR for the presence of pneumolysin and the loci for a capsule gene (cpsA) and the type 14 gene (cps14H) in all NTPn, and by multilocus sequence typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: 87.2% of the isolates were clustered into nine clusters. The major cluster included 41 pneumococcal serotype 14 (28 carriage and 13 invasive isolates) and two NTPn related to the global pneumococcal clone Spain(9V)-3. Overall, 95.4% of the NTPn carriage strains were genetically related to carriage or invasive strains expressing serotype 14. A dominant NTPn lineage was found, that grouped 14 pneumococcal strains. Almost half of the multidrug-resistant isolates grouped into the NTPn cluster. CONCLUSION: These findings provide baseline data to assess the impact of the pneumococcal vaccination on the molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Changes in frequency of NTPn isolates and also genetic changes should be carefully monitored post vaccination, to detect potential vaccine-escape or replacement disease by capsule switched strains, especially in areas where colonization with NTPn has been frequently observed.