ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the possible interactive effects of age, sex, duration of hemodialysis (HD), educational and income levels, and stress coping mechanisms on depression and anxiety in patients on maintenance HD. METHODS: Uremic patients (N=416), regularly undergoing HD for more than 1 year, who did not have apparent cerebrovascular disease or serious intellectual impairment, were investigated. The interactive effects of age, sex, duration of HD, and educational and income levels, in relation to stress coping mechanisms, on depression or anxiety were assessed by hierarchical multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Regression lines illustrating significant (P<.05) interactions were constructed. The decrease in depression accompanying the increase in task-oriented stress coping was greater in highly educated patients than it was in the other patients. Anxiety levels decreased when patients had both high income and demonstrated a range of task-oriented stress coping mechanisms. For patients undergoing HD for long duration, or with a relatively high income, the decrease of depression and anxiety accompanying a decrease of emotion-oriented stress coping was greater, as compared with other patients. The decrease of depression accompanying an increase of avoidance-oriented stress coping was greater in patients with low income and in older patients than it was in the other patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may lead to the development of specific and focused interventions for depression or anxiety in maintenance HD patients.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Renal Dialysis/psychology , Sick Role , Socioeconomic Factors , Stress, Psychological/complications , Uremia/psychology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Defense Mechanisms , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Income , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor has been proposed as a mechanism in the etiology of schizophrenia. Recently, we identified a variable (GT)n repeat in the promoter region of the NMDA NR2A subunit gene (GRIN2A), and showed its association with schizophrenia in a case-control study, together with a correlation between the length of the repeat and severity of chronic outcome. In this study, we extended our analyses, by increasing the number of case-control samples to a total of 672 schizophrenics and 686 controls, and excluded potential sample stratification effects. We confirmed the significant allelic association between the repeat polymorphism and disease (P = 0.011), and as in the previous study, we observed an over-representation of longer alleles in schizophrenia. These results suggest a probable genetic effect for the GRIN2A promoter (GT)n variation on the predisposition to schizophrenia in Japanese cohorts.
Subject(s)
Dinucleotide Repeats/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Polymorphism, Genetic , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Protein Subunits/genetics , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics , Schizophrenia/genetics , Adult , Chi-Square Distribution , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the possible variances of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum potassium (SK) and serum phosphorus (SPO(4)) levels and interdialytic weight gain (IWG) accounted for compliance of uremic patients on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: BUN, SK and SPO(4) levels and IWG of uremic patients (n=310) regularly undergoing three HD sessions per week for more than 1 year in Japan were assessed. Patients suffering from problems influencing dietary intake and those with malnutrition were excluded. The variances accounted for self-efficacy for health-related behavior and avoidance-oriented coping (AOC) with stress were assessed by hierarchical multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: BUN and SPO(4) levels were not significantly (P<.05) associated with self-efficacy or AOC. SK levels and IWG were significantly (P<.05) associated with self-efficacy and/or AOC. The variances of SK levels and IWG accounted for self-efficacy and/or AOC, independent of age, sex, duration of HD and facilities, were 1.6% and 5.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the variances of SK levels and IWG accounted for self-efficacy and/or AOC were rather small, the significance of their relationships may suggest that intervention for self-efficacy or AOC could improve compliance and reduce SK levels and IWG of uremic patients on HD.
Subject(s)
Blood Urea Nitrogen , Patient Compliance/psychology , Phosphorus/blood , Potassium/blood , Renal Dialysis/psychology , Sick Role , Uremia/psychology , Weight Gain/physiology , Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Defense Mechanisms , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Internal-External Control , Japan , Middle Aged , Personality Inventory , Self Care/psychology , Self Efficacy , Stress, Psychological/complications , Uremia/blood , Uremia/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine relationships of the presence of RLS in uremic patients regularly undergoing hemodialysis (HD) with demographic, clinical, and psychological factors. METHODS: In 490 uremic patients on HD therapy in Japan, RLS was diagnosed based on diagnostic criteria established by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Data were compared between patients with and without RLS. RESULTS: There were univariately significant (P < 0.05) differences in serum phosphorus levels, anxiety levels determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and degrees of emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping determined using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. In multivariate analyses, low hemoglobin levels, high serum phosphorus levels, high anxiety levels, and a great degree of emotion-oriented coping were independently related to the presence of RLS in uremic patients on HD therapy, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hyperphosphatemia, anxiety, and a great degree of emotion-oriented coping with stress were independently related to the presence of RLS in uremic patients on HD therapy. The pathogenesis of RLS seems to involve more than one mechanism, which leads to restless legs as the final common pathway. These findings may provide new clues to the pathogenesis of RLS.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Phosphates/blood , Renal Dialysis , Restless Legs Syndrome/epidemiology , Uremia/complications , Aged , Anxiety/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/etiology , Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Emotions , Female , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Japan , Male , Middle Aged , Restless Legs Syndrome/blood , Restless Legs Syndrome/etiology , Restless Legs Syndrome/psychology , Uremia/blood , Uremia/psychology , Uremia/therapyABSTRACT
The authors' purpose in this study was to assess the interactive effects of stressors, coping with stress, and self-efficacy on depression and anxiety in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. Patients (n = 453) undergoing HD for more than 1 year in Japan were investigated. The regression lines illustrating significant (p < .05) interactions predict that itching HD patients with low self-efficacy will be more depressive and anxious than nonitching patients. In HD patients who report a high degree of emotion-oriented coping, itching patients will be more anxious than nonitching patients. These new findings may lead to the development of specific and focused interventions for depression or anxiety in maintenance HD patients.
