Treatment of Infantile Esotropia - Comparison Between Botulinum Toxin A and Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the examination findings, treatment methods, and follow-up results of children diagnosed with infantile esotropia (IE) and to compare botulinum toxin A (BTA) and bilateral medial rectus (MR) recession surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with IE. The age of the patient and the angle of deviation were taken into account to determine the treatment. Patients who underwent bilateral MR recession surgery and BTA injection were analyzed and the BTA and surgical groups were compared. Successful correction was defined as orthotropia and a deviation of up to 10 prism diopters (PD) after one surgical procedure or 1-3 botulinum injections. Results: Two hundred and forty-six patients with esotropia were included in the study. Twelve were followed up with refractive correction only. BTA injection was administered to 110 patients, while 124 patients underwent bilateral MR recession. The age of the patients ranged from three to 39 months. Patients were followed for at least 6 months, with a mean follow-up of 24.3 months in the BTA group and 21.7 months in the surgical group (p=0.23). The mean pre-treatment angle deviation was 38.9 PD in the BTA group and 40.1 PD in the surgical group (p=0.62). The success rate for patients with more than 30 PD of deviation was 72% in the surgical group compared to 36% in the BTA group (p<0.001). No statistically significant difference in success rate was observed in patients with deviations <30 PD (surgery 62%, BTA 55%, p=0.26). Conclusion: Surgical treatment of IE was more successful than BTA injection in patients with large angle deviations (>30 PD). BTA injection can be considered as an alternative to surgery in cases of small to moderate angle deviations (<30 PD).

A Comparative Analysis of Surgical Outcomes for Infantile Esotropia With and Without Prior Botulinum Toxin a Injection.

PURPOSE: To compare the surgical outcomes in patients who had a failed botulinum toxin A injection before surgery versus those who had surgery as primary treatment (primary surgery) for infantile esotropia. METHODS: The files of patients who had strabismus surgery in the Strabismus Unit of Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital between January 2012 and March 2022 were reviewed. This study included 104 eyes of 52 patients with infantile esotropia. The angle of deviation before and 1, 3, and 6 months after botulinum toxin A injection or surgery, complications, pattern deviations, family history, abnormal head position, history of prematurity, intensive care unit admission, and consanguineous marriage were noted. A successful outcome was defined as ocular alignment of 10 prism diopters (PD) or less. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 52 patients: 27 (52%) boys and 25 (48%) girls. In the botulinum toxin A group (n = 26), the mean age at admission was 14.0 ± 6.8 months, whereas the mean preoperative near and far angle of deviation were 41.92 ± 12.2 and 41.3 ± 13.0 PD, respectively. The mean age at the time of surgery was 40.6 ± 18.1 months. In the primary surgery group (n = 26), the mean age at admission was 34.0 ± 15.9 months. The mean preoperative near and far angle of deviation were 37.3 ± 8.0 and 35.3 ± 10.5 PD, respec tively. The mean age at the time of surgery was 48.1 ± 18.5 months. The success rates 6 months after treatment in the botulinum toxin A group and the primary surgery group were 76.9% and 88.5% in near (P > .05) and 80.8% and 88.5% in far (P > .05), respectively. Three patients had transient ptosis and one had consecutive exotropia after botulinum toxin A injection. CONCLUSIONS: In infantile esotropia treatment, strabismus surgery after failed botulinum toxin A injection compared to primary surgery has statistically comparable surgical success rates. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 20XX;X(X):XXX-XXX.].

Effect of refractive errors on the results of botulinum neurotoxin administration in patients with infantile esotropia.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of refractive errors on the results of patients followed up with infantile esotropia (IE) and treated with botulinum neurotoxin (BNT) injection. METHODS: The files of patients with IE who presented to the ophthalmology pediatric ophthalmology unit and underwent BNT injection into both medial rectus muscles between 2019 and 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Sixty eyes of 30 patients were included in the study. Patients with additional systemic or ocular diseases and those with a history of ocular surgery were excluded. Distance and near deviations were measured (with the prism cover test or Krimsky method) before and at the first, third, and sixth months after BNT injection. RESULTS: In Group 1 (n = 20) with a spherical equivalent of + 2.0 diopters (D) or less, the mean near and distance deviation value was both 36.8 ± 12.7 prism diopter (PD) before injection. In Group 2 (n = 10) with a spherical equivalent of above + 2.0 D, the near deviation was measured as 35.0 ± 7.1 PD and distance deviation as 31.8 ± 7.9. At six months after BNT injection, the near and distance deviation values were 20.6 ± 12.3 and 20.6 ± 11.6 PD, respectively in Group 1 and 10.1 ± 10.3 and 8.8 ± 10.8 PD, respectively in Group 2. The change in deviation did not statistically significantly differ between the groups (p > 0.05), but the distance and near deviation values were lower in Group 2 at sixth months after BNT injection. CONCLUSIONS: BNT injection is a preferred method in IE. Higher hypermetropic values seem to increase the success of BNT injection.

Pulled-in-two syndrome in strabismus surgery for congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to present six cases of pulled-in-two syndrome (PITS) in strabismus surgeries and to discuss our prevention and management strategies. Methods: This is a retrospective study presenting cases of PITS during strabismus operations. The medical records of the subjects who underwent operation in the strabismus unit of Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital were reviewed retrospectively, from January 2000 till March 2022. Detailed ophthalmological examination records and angle of deviation were noted. Results: A total of six cases (four males and two females) with a mean age of 37.2 ± 28.0 (min 9-max 71) years were included in this study. All of the cases had congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (CFEOM). The most commonly involved muscle was medial rectus (83%). Majority of cases (67%) were adults. In all cases, the muscle was found and reattached to the globe. No patients had diplopia after surgery. Conclusion: PITS is a rare complication that can be seen during strabismus surgeries, and CFEOM patients are in the risk group. Therefore, surgeons should be cautious and prepared in risky patients to be able to manage this complication.

Treatment of convergence insufficiency type intermittent exotropia with bupivacaine injection to the medial rectus combined with lateral rectus recession.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of combined bupivacaine HCL (BPX) injection in the medial rectus (MR) muscle with recession of the lateral rectus muscle in the treatment of convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia (CI-IXT). METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent combined injection-recession treatment from January 2019 to January 2020 for CI-IXT were reviewed retrospectively along with a group of age-matched controls with IXT without CI who underwent only unilateral LR recession during the same period. The following data were extracted from the record: age at surgery, average follow-up period, angle of deviation at distance and near and the difference between them before and after surgical procedure, correction of near and distance deviations, and recession dosage. Successful outcome was defined as a distance deviation in primary gaze between ≤10Δ of exophoria/tropia and ≤5Δ of esophoria/tropia. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients and 20 controls were included. Average follow-up was 13.9 ± 3.67 months in the BPX group and 15.9 ± 3.61 months in the control group (P = 0.17). Postoperative distance deviation measured 8.30Δ ± 5.88Δ in the BPX group and 14.67Δ ± 9.83Δ in the control group (P = 0.80). Distance-near differences were significantly reduced in the CI-IXT group receiving BPX, by a mean of 6.60Δ, from a preoperative mean of 10.50Δ ± 3.65Δ to 3.90Δ ± 3.26Δ (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: BPX injection combined with unilateral lateral rectus recession yields outcomes comparable to bilateral lateral rectus recession for distance deviations, and results in reduction of the distance-near difference in the angle of exotropia.

Preparation and characterization of nanoemulsions of curcumin and echium oil.

The search for the plant origin bioactive compounds is increasing over animal origin compounds. Echium oil (EO) contains high amounts of plant based omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, curcumin addition may increase the release of these omega-3 fatty acids during digestion. The study's objective is to determine the bioaccessibility of curcumin in simulated intestinal digestion conditions and the release behavior of fatty acids of echium oil from nanoemulsions. We prepared curcumin and EO nanoemulsions with a microfluidizer using two different concentrations of surfactant, Tween 80 (5% and 10%). Emulsion stability tests, antioxidant analysis, in vitro oil release and fatty acid composition assays were conducted. Results showed that curcumin-containing nanoemulsions provide higher radical scavenging activity than the EO nanoemulsions. In addition, in vitro bioaccessibility of curcumin after in vitro simulated intestinal digestion was calculated as 35.5%. Gas chromatography results of the digested nanoemulsions revealed that curcumin addition decreases oleic acid release while increasing stearidonic acid (SDA) release.

Comparison of quantitative measurement of macular vessel density before and after inferior oblique muscle-weakening surgery: An optical coherence tomography angiography study.

PURPOSE: To investigate hemodynamic changes in retinal and choroidal vasculature after surgical inferior oblique (IO) weakening through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent unilateral IO-weakening surgery at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had OCTA measurements before surgery and on postoperative days 7 and 30 were included. Vessel density was determined for the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), the choriocapillaris (CCP) and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). RESULTS: The study included 72 eyes of 36 patients. Fellow eyes were used as a control group. The preoperative and postoperative week 1 and month 1 mean central vessel densities of the SCP were 20.48% ± 3.52%, 20.68% ± 3.83%, and 23.56% ± 5.65%, respectively, in the operated eye; those of the DCP were 16.72% ± 3.33%, 16.08% ± 4.65%, and 20.85% ± 7.09%, respectively. The mean FAZ areas were 341.29 ± 88.04 µm2, 341.30 ± 98.25 µm2, and 316.02 ± 74.61 µm2, respectively. We detected no significant changes in SCP, DCP, and FAZ in the postoperative period. The mean central vessel density of the CCP increased significantly from the preoperative level of 54.06% ± 2.86% to 55.55% ± 2.63% at postoperative week 1, but there was no significant difference between baseline and postoperative month 1 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.515, resp.). CONCLUSIONS: IO muscle surgery does not seem to cause alterations in retinal hemodynamics, although it can transiently increase the central vessel density of the CCP during the early postoperative period.

Sliding shape extraocular muscle transposition with plication: Long-term results.

AIM: This study aims to evaluate the long-term results of sliding shape extraocular muscle transposition, which is a novel operation method of delivering both vascular protection and strengthening of the muscles and transposition of the muscles. METHODS: The patients' files were scanned retrospectively. All patients underwent a complete eye examination in addition to motility examination, both preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients were followed up for at least 1 year. Pre- and postoperative deviation measurement values and transposition effects were compared statistically. The two parameters were evaluated separately. RESULTS: In patients where 7-mm (or greater) resection was planned, the complete muscle widening transposition procedure was successful. Only two-thirds of transpositions could be achieved in patients who underwent less than 7 mm of strengthening. There was no anterior segment ischemia in the patients who underwent three rectus' muscle surgery in the same eye. Transposition effects were perfect in those whose vertical deviation was not due to monocular elevation deficiency. While resection effect was excellent in those MED (monocular elevation deficiency) and CEOMF (congenital extraocular muscle fibrosis) cases, transposition effects were limited but found at similar rates as with the standard resection and transposition procedures in CCDD (congenital cranial dis-innervation diseases) (R2-1). CONCLUSION: Even transposition effects were limited in CCDD. 'Sliding shape' design extraocular muscle plication was found to be a simple, safe, and effective procedure for patients who needed resection and transposition operation.

Brown Syndrome: Features and Long-term Results of Management.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to evaluate surgical techniques and outcomes in patients with Brown's syndrome. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent surgery of the superior oblique (SO) muscle between 2003 and 2011 at a referral center. RESULTS: In all, 190 patients (111 female and 79 male) with an age range of 4-50 years were included in the study. The right eye was affected in 98 patients, and the left eye in 92 patients. Abnormal head posture (AHP), ocular movement (OM), and hypotropia were assessed. The greatest improvement of AHP was seen following an SO temporal tenotomy (91%). Patients with a -4 limitation achieved full OM after a SO temporal tenotomy. CONCLUSION: Temporal tenotomy provided the best improvement in limitation of elevation in adduction.

Effect of lateral rectus muscle resection on abduction in Duane retraction syndrome type 1.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of lateral rectus muscle resection on abduction in Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) type 1. METHODS: The medical records of patients with DRS type 1 were reviewed retrospectively. Fifteen patients who underwent lateral rectus resection were included. Prism and cover test and the Krimsky test were used to detect deviations. Ocular ductions, abnormal head position (AHP), and globe retraction were recorded. RESULTS: Nine (60.0%) patients were female. The mean age was 13.1 ± 2.3 (range, 2-34) years. Left eyes were included in ten (66.7%) patients. Mean follow-up time was 37.6 ± 16.6 (range, 6-70) months. All patients had AHP, 13 patients had mild globe retraction, and 2 patients had no globe retraction preoperatively. Mean lateral rectus resection was 3.1 ± 0.7 (range, 2.0-4.5) mm, and the mean medial rectus recession was 4.4 ± 0.6 (range, 3.0-5.0) mm. The mean preoperative deviation decreased from 23.3 ± 6.9 (range, 14-35) prism diopters (pd) to 2.2 ± 4.1 (range, 0-10) pd at near, and from 23.6 ± 7.1 (range, 14-35) pd to 1.8 ± 3.5 (range, 0-10) pd at distance, at 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.01). The mean limitation in abduction decreased from - 3.2 ± 0.9 to - 1.3 ± 1.1 postoperatively (p < 0.001). AHP resolved in all patients. There was not a limitation in adduction or a worsening of globe retraction in any patient. CONCLUSION: Lateral rectus resection can be used to improve abduction in patients with DRS type 1 who have mild globe retraction. We assume that this procedure has no worsening effect on globe retraction in appropriate cases.

Muscle belly union surgery with or without medial rectus recession for the treatment of high myopic strabismus fixus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of surgery involving the union of the superior rectus muscle and the lateral rectus muscle with or without medial rectus recession (MRc) for the treatment of high myopic strabismus fixus over a 20-year period. METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent muscle belly union for the treatment of high myopic strabismus fixus were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were classified according to the timing of MRc. In group 1, MRc was performed before muscle union surgery; in group 2, MRc was performed concurrent with muscle union surgery; in group 3, MRc was not performed; in group 4, MRc was performed after muscle union surgery. RESULTS: A total of 50 eyes of 40 patients were included. Mean esotropia decreased from 57.27Δ ± 25.45Δ (range, 8Δ-100Δ) before surgery to 11.67Δ ± 13.85Δ (range, -18Δ to 45Δ) after (P < 0.001); mean hypotropia, from 6.05Δ ± 9.13Δ (range, 0Δ-13Δ) before to 1.20Δ ± 3.03Δ (range, 0Δ-10Δ) after (P < 0.001). Mean abduction improved from -2.82 ± 1.17 (range, -4 to 0) before to -0.75 ± 0.92 (range, -3 to 0) after (P < 0.001); mean elevation, from -1.62 ± 1.62 (range, -4 to 0) before to -0.57 ± 0.90 (range, -3 to 0) after (P < 0.001). Preoperative esotropia and postoperative limitation in abduction were significantly lower in group 3 (P = 0.03; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Muscle union surgery successfully corrected the restrictive esotropia and hypotropia. MRc in addition to muscle union surgery was not necessary for some patients, for whom preoperative esotropia was lower.

Assessment of Refractive Error Changes and Factors for Decompensation in Patients With Fully Accommodative Esotropia.

PURPOSE: To determine the factors affecting the risk of deterioration and evaluate the refractive error change in patients with fully accommodative esotropia. METHODS: Patients diagnosed as having fully accommodative esotropia (esotropic deviation that started before 7 years of age and less than 8 to 10 prism diopters [PD] of esotropia with full hyperopic correction and/or bifocals) were included in this retrospective population-based cohort study. Refractive error changes were recorded. For comparisons, patients were divided into two groups: nondecompensated fully accommodative esotropia group and decompen-sated fully accommodative esotropia group. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-three patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up time was 5.94 ± 0.31 years (range: 5 to 8 years). The changes in spherical equivalent in the younger than 7 years, 7 to 12 years, and 12 to 17 years groups were statistically significant (P < .001). The decrease of hypermetropia was 0.13 diopters/year between 7 and 12 years and 0.06 diopters/year between 12 and 17 years. Forty-one of 223 patients (18.4%) discontinued spectacle therapy during the follow-up period. Hyperopic error and presence of amblyopia were lower, whereas visual acuity level and presence of near-distance disparity were higher in the spectacle discontinuation group (P < .001, .007, .01, and 0.01, respectively). Deterioration of fully accommodative esotropia occurred in 30 of 223 patients (13.5%). Boys were more likely to require strabismus surgery (P = .32). The mean age at presentation, esotropia angle with and without refractive correction at both near and distance fixation, near distance disparity, and inferior oblique overaction were significantly higher in patients with decompensated fully accommodative esotropia. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperopic error increased from the initial level until 7 years of age, followed by a myopic shift thereafter. Few children had resolution of fully accommodative esotropia and could discontinue spectacle therapy. Children with male gender, higher esotropia angle, older age at presentation, near-distance disparity, and inferior oblique overaction experienced a greater deterioration of the fully accommodative esotropia. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(4):217-223.].

Refraction under general anesthesia in children, using cycloplegic refraction only as a reference.

PURPOSE: To compare the measurements of cycloplegic refraction and refraction (R1-1) under general anesthesia (GA) when using the same portable auto-refractometer (ARF) in pediatric patients. METHODS: 36Thirty-six to 60-month-old patients who underwent refraction measurements using a portable ARF (Retinomax® K plus 3, Righton, Japan), who did not receive prior cycloplegics under this GA and who had cycloplegic refraction using 1% cyclopentolate and the same Retinomax® device < 3 months prior this GA, between 2015 and 2018, were included in this study. The agreement (Bland-Altman analysis) and correlation (Pearson correlation) between the mean values of the measurements were analyzed. RESULTS: Two-hundred-twenty-two right eyes of 222 patients (114 male and 108 female) were included in this study. The mean age was 45.04 ± 11.24 months. The mean spherical refractions (R1-1, R2-1) under GA and cycloplegic refraction were 1.08 ± 3.50 diopter (D) (-8.00 to +8.00) and 2.58 ± 3.28 D (-6.50 to +9.25), respectively. A strong positive correlation was detected between the two measurements (r = 0.95). When comparing measurements, the mean measurement under GA was -1.49 D (95% confidence interval: lower limit, -3.63; upper limit, +0.63) more myopic than the mean cycloplegic refraction (R1-1) value (Bland-Altman analysis test). The differences between the measurements were within ± 1 D in 92 eyes (41.44%) and within ± 2 D in 180 eyes (81.01%). No significant difference was detected when comparing the cylindrical refractive error values (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Refractive measurements under GA were more myopic than cycloplegic refraction (R1-1) measurements. It is important to consider that complete cycloplegia is not achieved under GA.

Retinal microvasculature in the remission period of Behcet's uveitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate retinal microvasculature and blood flow during Behcet's uveitis (BU) remission via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), and compare the results with those from healthy eyes. METHODS: A total of 35 eyes of 35 BU patients presenting during the remission period of BU involving the posterior segment were enrolled, as were 30 normal eyes of 30 age and sex-matched healthy participants. Optical coherence tomography angiograms were analyzed. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel densities, and flow areas were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Thirty-five eyes of 35 BU patients and 30 normal eyes of 30 age and sex-matched subjects were included in the study. The superficial FAZ was slightly higher in the BU group than in the control group (p = 0.01), but deep FAZ was substantially higher (p < 0.001). Deep foveal and parafoveal vessel densities were significantly lower in BU eyes (p < 0.05). Flow areas in superficial and deep plexuses were lower in BU eyes (p < 0.05), however choroidal flow was similar (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: BU can cause permanent damage especially in the deep capillary plexus and OCT-A provides a detailed view of the retinal microvasculature which helps us to visualize vascular damage in these patients. Further studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to define the role of OCT-A in the decision of treatment efficacy with different agents.

Comparison of different tendon transposition techniques for the treatment of monocular elevation deficiency type 2.

PURPOSE: To compare results of three different tendon transposition techniques (Knapp procedure and two modified techniques) for the treatment of type 2 monocular elevation deficiency (MED) patients. METHODS: The medical records of patients with MED type 2 operated on at a single institution from 2000 to 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into three vertical transposition groups: (1) full tendon width, (2) augmented surgery; and (3) partial tendon width. Surgical success was defined as no severe limitation of upgaze, hypotropia of <6Δ, and no hypertropia in primary position. Pre- and postoperative vertical deviations in the primary position and limitations in elevation levels were compared. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients were included. The pre- and postoperative deviations in the full-tendon group were 22.50Δ ± 4.17Δ and 3.50Δ ± 1.27Δ, respectively; in the augmented surgery group, 23.75Δ ± 4.78Δ and 1.75Δ ± 1.14Δ; and in the partial-tendon group, 20.50Δ ± 3.98Δ and 4.12Δ ± 2.78Δ. Corrected vertical deviations were 19Δ, 23Δ, and 16Δ, respectively. The pre- and postoperative limitation of elevations were -2.80 and -0.80 in the full-tendon group, -3.20 and -0.90 in the augmented surgery group, and -2.37 and -1.12 in the partial-tendon group. The pre- and postoperative vertical deviation improvements and limitations of elevation were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in all groups. Success was achieved in 29 patients (74%). CONCLUSIONS: In this study cohort, all three procedures were reasonably effective in improving vertical deviations and limitation of elevation.

Vertical rectus muscle union combined with lateral rectus plication for complete abducens nerve palsy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to report our postoperative results concerning the vertical rectus (VR) muscle union combined with lateral rectus (LR) plication for the treatment of large-angle esotropia (ET) in complete abducens nerve palsy. METHODS: Medical records from 36 patients who had undergone the VR union procedure for ET treatment due to sixth-nerve palsy between July 2014 and July 2018 at Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital were reviewed. One week before surgery, all patients underwent a 4-IU botulinum toxin A (btx) injection into the ipsilateral medial rectus (MR). All patients then underwent a VR muscle union procedure. A non-absorbable suture was inserted through the lateral muscular margin of each VR muscle at approximately 1/5 the width from the edge at 10 mm distance from the VR insertion. Both sutures were then tied to each other above the LR. Plication of the LR muscle using a non-absorbable suture was performed in all cases. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 14 (38.9%) females and 22 (61.1%) males. The mean age was 36.31 ± 19.16 years. The mean preoperative deviation angle in primary gaze into distance was 47.77 ± 18.48 prism diopter (PD). The mean deviation angle 1 year after surgery was - 1.0 ± 6.62 PD. Abduction improved from - 4.27 ± 0.46 to - 1.88 ± 0.96. CONCLUSION: The VR muscle union in combination with LR plication appears to be an effective treatment procedure for complete abducens nerve palsy patients.

Cyclic strabismus: what measured angle of strabismus should guide surgery?

Purpose: Here we aimed to describe seven pediatric patients with cyclic strabismus and report the outcome of their surgical treatment.Methods: Seven children with acquired esotropia manifesting in a 48-h cycle were included in the study. Four of them were boys, and three of them were girls. All cases had a large angle of deviation and associated suppression on the esotropic day and small angle of deviation with fusion on the other day. A complete ocular motility examination was performed for seven consecutive days. For all cases, we planned strabismus surgery according to the amount of deviation on the strabismic day. Postoperatively, the deviation angles were recorded at the first week, first month, and third month. Later, the patients were examined at 3-month intervals.Results: The mean age at presentation was 4.42 ± 3.69 years (1-12 years). The mean angle of esotropia at near fixation preoperatively was 36.4 ± 14.9 pd (prism dioptre) (20-60 pd) on the esotropic day. The mean angle of esotropia on the esotropic day at distance fixation was 32.1 ± 6.9 pd (20-40 pd). The mean follow-up period was 18.4 ± 5.5 months (12-25 months). The mean duration of esotropia before surgery was 11.1 ± 9.4 months (3-29 months). Following surgery, orthophoria within 10 pd was achieved and maintained in all cases.Conclusion: When treating children with cyclic strabismus, the best surgical results can be achieved when surgery is planned according to the amount of deviation on the strabismic day.

Lamina cribrosa surface position in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the thickness and depth measurements of the lamina cribrosa (LC) obtained using a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) device in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) patients and healthy subjects. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional observational study included 16 eyes with IIH and 20 control eyes. The LC measurements with serial horizontal B scans of the optic nerve head were obtained using SS-OCT (Topcon 3D DRI OCT Triton). The anterior lamina surface (ALS) depth, posterior lamina surface (PLS) depth, and LC thickness measurements were evaluated. Results: In patients with IIH, the mean ALS depth was 225.00 ± 58.57 µm and the mean PLS depth was 449.75 ± 63.50 µm. In the IIH control group, the corresponding values were 359.40 ± 105.38 and 570.10 ± 99.41 µm (P < 0.05). The difference in LC thickness between the IIH and control subjects was not statistically significant. Conclusion: LC can be evaluated using an SS-OCT device. LC was displaced anteriorly in patients with IIH compared with normal controls. The assessment of LC level with SS-OCT in IIH cases is a valuable and reproducible adjunctive imaging method in terms of diagnosis and follow-up.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Are There Any Changes in Measurements After Strabismus Surgery?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the possible hemodynamic changes following strabismus surgery via optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: Thirty-two eyes of 16 patients who underwent strabismus surgery in one eye were included in the study. Fellow eyes were used as a control group. The vessel densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexus and superficial and deep foveal avascular zones were measured preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean superficial and deep foveal avascular zones measurements were 0.84 ± 0.09 and 0.76 ± 1.13 mm2, respectively. The mean vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus was 1.23 ± 0.12 and 11.13 ± 1.04 mm2 preoperatively in the 1- and 3-mm zones, respectively, whereas the mean vessel density of the deep capillary plexus was 1.13 ± 0.16 and 10.11 ± 1.28 mm2 preoperatively. Postoperatively, the mean superficial and deep foveal avascular zones changed to 0.20 ± 0.13 and 0.23 ± 0.12 mm2, respectively. Postoperatively, the mean vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus changed to 1.47 ± 0.11 and 12.75 ± 1.10 mm2, and the mean vessel density of the deep capillary plexus changed to 1.56 ± 0.12 and 13.91 ± 1.35 mm2 in 1- and 3-mm zones, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in vessel density measurements of the superficial and deep capillary plexus, and a statistically significant decrease in measurements of the superficial and deep foveal avascular zone postoperatively (P < .05). In the fellow eyes, there was no statistically significant change in any of the measurements (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Following strabismus surgery, vessel density of the fovea may increase and the foveal avascular zone may decrease according to optical coherence tomography angiography measurements. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(2):95-100.].

Duane Retraction Syndrome and Accompanying Ocular Abnormalities.

OBJECTIVES: Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a congenital syndrome characterized by limitation in adduction and/or abduction eye movements and narrowing of the palpebral fissure in adduction, and may include globe retraction, upshoot or downshoot. Several systemic abnormalities, syndromes, and additional ocular findings can accompany DRS. This study is an evaluation of eye findings in patients with DRS. METHODS: The records of 632 patients with DRS who were followed up between 1995 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a follow-up of less than 6 months and patients with a history of eye/cranial trauma or injury were not included in the study. Before the patients were examined, a detailed anamnesis was obtained. Details of the medical records, including additional systemic diseases, were recorded. RESULTS: The average of follow-up time was 45 months (min-max: 6-128 months). There were 255 male and 377 female patients. A total of 34 patients (5.4%) had additional ocular abnormalities. The most frequently observed ocular pathologies associated with DRS were congenital ptosis (n=6, 0.94%) and coloboma of the iris (n=4, 0.63%). CONCLUSION: Most cases of DRS are observed as isolated. However, various ocular and systemic abnormalities and syndromes are associated with DRS. In particular, synkinetic syndromes may frequently be seen alongside DRS. Therefore, a complete ocular examination and anamnesis are crucial in cases with DRS.