ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: IL-32 is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in various chronic inflammatory diseases. Chronic airway inflammation in asthmatic patients results in structural airway changes, including angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key inducer of angiogenesis in the airways of asthmatic patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the expression and function of IL-32 in patients with angiogenesis and asthma. METHODS: The expression and regulation of IL-32 in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells was analyzed by using RT-PCR, ELISA, Western blotting, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry. After knockdown of IL-32 in NHBE cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfections, VEGF secretion was quantified by means of ELISA. New blood vessel formation was determined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells by culturing with supernatants from IL-32 siRNA-transfected NHBE cells. IL-32 was determined in serum and induced sputum samples of asthmatic patients and healthy control subjects by means of ELISA. RESULTS: IL-32 is expressed in NHBE cells on stimulation with IFN-γ, TNF-α, T(H)1 cells, and rhinovirus. Inhibition of IL-32 expression resulted in significantly increased secretion of the proangiogenic factors VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor by NHBE cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in supernatants from IL-32 siRNA-transfected NHBE cells showed enhanced in vitro angiogenesis. IL-32 is detectable in induced sputum from asthmatic patients. IL-32 serum levels were significantly higher in asthmatic patients compared with those seen in healthy control subjects and correlated with response to asthma treatment. CONCLUSION: IL-32 is induced by IFN-γ, TNF-α, T(H)1 cells, and rhinovirus in bronchial epithelial cells. It inhibits angiogenesis, and its serum levels are associated with a good treatment response in asthmatic patients.
Subject(s)
Asthma/metabolism , Bronchi/blood supply , Interleukins/metabolism , Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use , Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/genetics , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Female , Gene Silencing , Humans , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interleukins/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics , Picornaviridae Infections/immunology , Picornaviridae Infections/metabolism , Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Up-Regulation , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass is an essential component of airway remodeling and asthma development, and there is no medication specifically against it. Tight junction (TJ) proteins, which are expressed in endothelial and epithelial cells and affect tissue integrity, might exist in other types of cells and display additional functions in the asthmatic lung. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the existence, regulation, and function of TJ proteins in ASM in asthmatic patients. METHODS: The expression and function of TJ proteins in primary ASM cell lines, human bronchial biopsy specimens, and a murine model of asthma were analyzed by means of RT-PCR, multispectral imaging flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester staining, tritiated thymidine incorporation, wound-healing assay, and luminometric bead array. RESULTS: Increased claudin-1 expression was observed in ASM of asthmatic patients, as well as in a murine model of asthma-like airway inflammation. Whereas IL-1ß and TNF-α upregulated claudin-1 expression, it was downregulated by the T(H)2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 in primary human ASM cells. Claudin-1 was localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm but not to the cell surface in ASM cells. Claudin-1 played a central role in ASM cell proliferation, as demonstrated by increased ASM cell proliferation seen with overexpression and decreased proliferation seen with small interfering RNA knockdown of claudin-1. Overexpression of claudin-1 induced vascular endothelial growth factor and downregulated IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ-induced protein 10 production by ASM cells. Claudin-1 upregulation by IL-1ß or TNF-α was suppressed by dexamethasone but not by rapamycin, FK506, or salbutamol. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that claudin-1 might play a role in airway remodeling in asthmatic patients by means of regulation of ASM cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation.
Subject(s)
Airway Remodeling/physiology , Asthma/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Smooth/metabolism , Respiratory System/metabolism , Airway Remodeling/drug effects , Airway Remodeling/genetics , Animals , Asthma/genetics , Asthma/pathology , Base Sequence , Case-Control Studies , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation , Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism , Chemokines/metabolism , Claudin-1 , Cytokines/metabolism , DNA Primers/genetics , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Gene Expression/drug effects , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Humans , Inflammation/pathology , Interleukin-13/pharmacology , Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology , Interleukin-4/pharmacology , Male , Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Muscle, Smooth/pathology , Neovascularization, Pathologic , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Respiratory System/blood supply , Respiratory System/pathology , Tight Junctions/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Keratinocyte (KC) apoptosis is an important mechanism of eczema and spongiosis in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and is mediated by IFN-gamma, which is secreted by T(H)1 cells. IL-32 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is involved in the inflammatory processes of rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Crohn disease. Recently, it was shown that upregulation of IL-32 induces apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the expression and function of IL-32 in patients with AD. METHODS: The expression of IL-32 in KCs was analyzed by means of RT-PCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Transfections of small interfering RNA were performed in primary KCs, and apoptosis was analyzed by means of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling, annexin-V, and 7-amino actinomycin D stainings. Immunofluorescence stainings were used to detect IL-32 in skin biopsy specimens, and serum levels of IL-32 were analyzed by means of ELISA. RESULTS: We report that IL-32 is expressed in human primary KCs on stimulation with IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and T(H)1 cells in contrast to T(H)2, regulatory T (Treg), or T(H)17 cells, which showed no effect. Transfection of primary KCs and artificial skin equivalents with small interfering RNA to IL-32, which resulted in a clear decrease in IL-32 expression, significantly reduced KC apoptosis. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that IL-32 was expressed in AD lesional skin, whereas it was present in neither skin biopsy specimens from healthy donors nor in lesional skin from patients with psoriasis. Serum levels of IL-32 from patients with AD correlated with disease severity, but increased serum levels of IL-32 were also detected in asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates KCs as a source of IL-32, which modulates KC apoptosis and contributes to the pathophysiology of AD.
