ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the phenolic and polysaccharidic composition, texture properties, and gene expression of new seedless table grape cultivars Timco™ and Krissy™ and compare them to the traditional table grape variety Crimson Seedless (Vitis vinifera L.), during ripening and in commercial postharvest conditions. According to the results, phenolic compounds were present in very different proportions. The total anthocyanins responsible for skin color increased during maturation and the majority anthocyanin in the three cultivars was peonidin-3-glucoside, followed by malvidin-3-glucoside. The phenolic compounds presented a different behavior (decreasing or increasing) during postharvest. The total skin soluble polysaccharides decreased during ripening and postharvest in Crimson Seedless and Krissy™ and remained constant from technological maturity to postharvest storage in Timco™. In all cultivars, the majority soluble polysaccharide fraction was that with a molecular mass between 500 and 35 KDa. The skin mechanical properties of table grapes were good parameters for differentiating varieties, with better results for the new cultivars, compared to the traditional Crimson Seedless, especially in postharvest. Genes involved in the flavonoid pathway and cell wall metabolism in skins exhibited an increase in expression from veraison to remaining constant at the end of the berry ripening.
ABSTRACT
Chilling injury is a physiological disorder caused by cold storage in peaches and nectarines. The main symptom of chilling injury is mealiness/wooliness, described as a lack of juice in fruit flesh. In this work, we studied two nectarine varieties (Andes Nec-2 and Andes Nec-3) with contrasting susceptibility to mealiness after cold storage. A non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted by GC-MS to understand if changes in metabolite abundance are associated with nectarine mealiness induced by cold storage. Multivariate analyses indicated that in unripe nectarines, cold storage promoted a higher accumulation of amino acids in both varieties. Interestingly, for ripe nectarines, cold storage induced an accumulation of fewer amino acids in both varieties and showed an increased abundance of sugars and organic acids. A pathway reconstruction of primary metabolism revealed that in ripe nectarines, cold storage disrupted metabolite abundance in sugar metabolism and the TCA cycle, leading to a differential accumulation of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars in mealy and juicy nectarines.
ABSTRACT
Japanese plums exhibit wide diversity of fruit coloration. The red to black hues are caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins, while their absence results in yellow, orange or green fruits. In Prunus, MYB10 genes are determinants for anthocyanin accumulation. In peach, QTLs for red plant organ traits map in an LG3 region with three MYB10 copies (PpMYB10.1, PpMYB10.2 and PpMYB10.3). In Japanese plum the gene copy number in this region differs with respect to peach: there are at least three copies of PsMYB10.1, with the expression of one of them (PsMYB10.1a) correlating with fruit skin color. The objective of this study was to determine a possible role of LG3-PsMYB10 genes in the natural variability of the flesh color trait and to develop a molecular marker for marker-assisted selection (MAS). We explored the variability within the LG3-PsMYB10 region using long-range sequences obtained in previous studies through CRISPR-Cas9 enrichment sequencing. We found that the PsMYB10.2 gene was only expressed in red flesh fruits. Its role in promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis was validated by transient overexpression in Japanese plum fruits. The analysis of long-range sequences identified an LTR retrotransposon in the promoter of the expressed PsMYB10.2 gene that explained the trait in 93.1% of the 145 individuals analyzed. We hypothesize that the LTR retrotransposon may promote the PsMYB10.2 expression and activate the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. We propose for the first time the PsMYB10.2 gene as candidate for the flesh color natural variation in Japanese plum and provide a molecular marker for MAS.
ABSTRACT
Japanese plum fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, whose contents vary significantly among cultivars. Catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) are flavan-3-ol monomers described in the fruits of this species and are associated with bitterness, astringency, antioxidant capacity, and susceptibility to enzymatic mesocarp browning. In this study, we aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the content of flavan-3-ol in Japanese plum fruits. We evaluated the content of C and EC in the mesocarp and exocarp of samples from 79 and 64 seedlings of an F1 progeny (<'98-99' × 'Angeleno'>) in the first and second seasons, respectively. We also constructed improved versions of linkage maps from '98-99' and 'Angeleno,' presently called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after mapping the already available GBS reads to Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. 'Sanyueli' v2.0 reference genome. These data allowed for describing a cluster of QTLs in the cultivar, 'Angeleno,' associated with the flavan-3-ol composition of mesocarp and exocarp, which explain up to 100% of the C/EC ratio. Additionally, we developed a C/EC metabolic marker, which was mapped between the markers with the highest log of odds (LOD) scores detected by the QTL analysis. The C/EC locus was located in the LG1, at an interval spanning 0.70 cM at 108.30-108.90 cM. Our results suggest the presence of a novel major gene controlling the preferential synthesis of C or EC in the Japanese plum fruits. This study is a significant advance in understanding the regulation of synthesizing compounds associated with fruit quality, postharvest, and human health promotion.
ABSTRACT
Consumption of fresh fruit is known to protect against non-communicable diseases due to the fruit's content in compounds with an antioxidant capacity, among them is polyphenols. Asian plums (Prunus salicina L.) accumulate more than 40 phenolic compounds, with a remarkable diversity in their profiles, depending on the variety and environmental conditions. Although candidate genes have been indicated to control this trait, the loci controlling its phenotypic variation have not yet been defined in this species. The aim of this work was to identify the quantitative trait Loci (QTL) controlling the phenolic compounds content in the Asian plum skin and flesh. Using UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS, we determined that cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside are the main anthocyanins in Asian plums. Other anthocyanins found to a lesser extent were tentatively identified as cyanidin bound to different sugar and procyanidin moieties. Then we phenotyped fruits of 92 and 80 F1 seedlings from the cross < "98.99" × "Angeleno"> (98 Ang) for two harvest seasons. We used HPLC-DAD to quantify single anthocyanin and spectrophotometric techniques to determine the total content of phenols, flavonoids, procyanidins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). To determine the phenotype-genotype association of phenolic compounds content, phenotypic values (adjusted by linear mixed-effects models), genotypic data and linkage maps were analyzed with the multiple QTL model (MQM) approach. We found a total of 21 significant trait-marker associations: 13 QTLs segregating from "98.99" and 8 QTLs from "Angeleno." From these associations, 8 corresponded to phenolic compound content in the flesh and 13 in the skin. Phenotype variance was explained by the detected loci, ranging from 12.4 to 27.1%. The identified loci are related to the content of cyanidin-3-glucoside (LG4), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (LG4), total flavonoids and procyanidins (LG5 and LG8), and minor anthocyanin compounds (LG3 and LG4). These results will help improve the efficiency of breeding programs for the generation of Asian plum varieties with high phenolic compound content.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Gibberellins (GA3) are the most sprayed growth regulator for table grape production worldwide, increasing berry size of seedless varieties through pericarp cell expansion. However, these treatments also exacerbate berry drop, which has a detrimental effect on the postharvest quality of commercialized clusters. Several studies have suggested that pedicel stiffening caused by GA3 would have a role in this disorder. Nevertheless, transcriptional and phenotypic information regarding pedicel responses to GA3 is minimal. RESULTS: Characterization of responses to GA3 treatments using the lines L23 and Thompson Seedless showed that the former was up to six times more susceptible to berry drop than the latter. GA3 also increased the diameter and dry matter percentage of the pedicel on both genotypes. Induction of lignin biosynthesis-related genes by GA3 has been reported, so the quantity of this polymer was measured. The acetyl bromide method detected a decreased concentration of lignin 7 days after GA3 treatment, due to a higher cell wall yield of the isolated fractions of GA3-treated pedicel samples which caused a dilution effect. Thus, an initial enrichment of primary cell wall components in response to GA3 was suggested, particularly in the L23 background. A transcriptomic profiling was performed to identify which genes were associated with these phenotypic changes. This analysis identified 1281 and 1787 genes differentially upregulated by GA3 in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless, respectively. Concomitantly, 1202 and 1317 downregulated genes were detected in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless (FDR < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes showed enrichment in pathways including phenylpropanoids, cell wall metabolism, xylem development, photosynthesis and the cell cycle at 7 days post GA3 application. Twelve genes were characterized by qPCR and striking differences were observed between genotypes, mainly in genes related to cell wall synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of berry drop are related to an early strong response of primary cell wall synthesis in the pedicel promoted by GA3 treatment. Genetic backgrounds can produce similar phenotypic responses to GA3, although there is considerable variation in the regulation of genes in terms of which are expressed, and the extent of transcript levels achieved within the same time frame.
Subject(s)
Fruit/growth & development , Genotype , Gibberellins/metabolism , Transcriptome , Vitis/physiology , Agriculture/methods , Cell Wall/metabolism , Fruit/genetics , Secondary Metabolism , Vitis/genetics , Vitis/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) in stone fruit (Prunus species) breeding is currently difficult to achieve due to the polygenic nature of the most relevant agronomic traits linked to fruit quality. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS), however, provides a large quantity of useful data suitable for fine mapping using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) from a reference genome. In this study, GBS was used to genotype 272 seedlings of three F1 Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl) progenies derived from crossing "98-99" (as a common female parent) with "Angeleno," "September King," and "September Queen" as male parents. Raw sequences were aligned to the Peach genome v1, and 42,909 filtered SNPs were obtained after sequence alignment. In addition, 153 seedlings from the "98-99" × "Angeleno" cross were used to develop a genetic map for each parent. A total of 981 SNPs were mapped (479 for "98-99" and 502 for "Angeleno"), covering a genetic distance of 688.8 and 647.03 cM, respectively. Fifty five seedlings from this progeny were phenotyped for different fruit quality traits including ripening time, fruit weight, fruit shape, chlorophyll index, skin color, flesh color, over color, firmness, and soluble solids content in the years 2015 and 2016. Linkage-based QTL analysis allowed the identification of genomic regions significantly associated with ripening time (LG4 of both parents and both phenotyping years), fruit skin color (LG3 and LG4 of both parents and both years), chlorophyll degradation index (LG3 of both parents in 2015) and fruit weight (LG7 of both parents in 2016). These results represent a promising situation for GBS in the identification of SNP variants associated to fruit quality traits, potentially applicable in breeding programs through MAS, in a highly heterozygous crop species such as Japanese plum.
ABSTRACT
Peaches are stored at low temperatures to delay ripening and increase postharvest life. However some varieties are susceptible to chilling injury,which leads to fruit mealiness, browning and flesh bleeding. In order to identify potentialmarkers associated with chilling injury,we performed proteomic analyses on a segregating population with contrasting susceptibility to chilling-induced mealiness. Chilling-induced mealiness was assessed by measuring juiciness in fruits that have been stored in cold and then allowed to ripen. Fruitmesocarp and leaf proteome from contrasting segregants were analyzed using 2-DE gels. Comparison of protein abundance between segregants revealed 133 spots from fruit mesocarp and 36 from leaf. Thirty four fruit mesocarp proteins were identified from these spots. Most of these proteins were related to ethylene synthesis, ABA response and stress response. Leaf protein analyses identified 22 proteins, most of which related to energy metabolism. Some of the genes that code for these proteins have been previously correlated with chilling injury through transcript analyses and co-segregation with mealiness QTLs. The results from this study, further deciphers the molecular mechanisms associated with chilling response in peach fruit, and identifies candidate proteins linked to mealiness in peach which may be used as putative markers for this trait.
Subject(s)
Cold Shock Proteins and Peptides/metabolism , Cold-Shock Response/physiology , Food Analysis/methods , Fruit/metabolism , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Prunus persica/metabolism , Food Handling/methods , Proteome/metabolismABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Services Administration/trends , Models, Organizational , Process Assessment, Health Care/organization & administration , Management Information Systems , Structure of Services/organization & administrationABSTRACT
En base a documentos revisados por el autor y utilizados como referencias, se exponen los antecedentes de la creación de la ESC, la cual surge del convencimiento de algunos sanitaristas y profesores universitarios, en su mayoría formados en el exterior que pensaron que el personal especializado que necesitaba Venezuela para el campo de la salud pública no podía formarse con la premura que las circunstancias exigían sólo en el exterior. Hubo intentos de fundar la ESC en 1940, 1946, 1951 y 1956 y en todos esos momentos fue el Ministerio de Sanidad el principal motor
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Public Health/history , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , VenezuelaABSTRACT
En base a documentos revisados por el autor y utilizados como referencias, se exponen los antecedentes de la creación de la ESC, la cual surge del convencimiento de algunos sanitaristas y profesores universitarios, en su mayoría formados en el exterior que pensaron que el personal especializado que necesitaba Venezuela para el campo de la salud pública no podía formarse con la premura que las circunstancias exigían sólo en el exterior. Hubo intentos de fundar la ESC en 1940, 1946, 1951 y 1956 y en todos esos momentos fue el Ministerio de Sanidad el principal motor(AU)
Subject(s)
Public Health/history , Schools, Public Health/history , Venezuela , Public Health/educationABSTRACT
Trata en forma resumida, la política de salud de Venezuela desde 1911, con la creación de la Oficina de Sanidad Nacional, pasando por la creación del Ministerio de Salubridad y Agricultura y Cría en 1930. Luego en 1936, se pasa al sector salud del de Agricultura y Cría, organizandose los servicios del Ministerio de Ssanidad y Aasistencia Ssocial. En 1944, con base en la doctrina "Integracionalista" se fortalecieron las medicaturas rurales y los centros de salud. En 1948 se crean las redes de Tuberculosis. En 1958 se revisan la política de saneamiento y la hospitalarie, se introduce la participación comunitaria. En 1963 se adopta la metodología de planificación de la salud. En 1974 se establecen las Comisionadurias generales de salud de las entidades federales. En 1980, se destacan la integración de los servicios médicos y diagnóstico de salud con miras al servicio nacional de salud. En 1982, se crean las regiones sanitarias y aparece el reglamento de Distritos Sanitarios. En 1984, basada en "Salud para todos en el año 2000 "dicta la estrategia Atención Primaria de la Salud accesible a la población total, de buena calidad, integral con énfasis en la prevención y promoción de la salud y participación comunitaria activa. En 1985 se presentó el proyecto de Ley del Sistema Nacional de Salud el cual se firma en 1987 como Ley Orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Salud. En 1989 a nivel comunitario de estrategia se cumple a traves de los Sistemas Locales de Salud (SILOS). En 1992 el Ministerio e Saniddad y asistencia Social debe continuar con la política del Estado regida por Ley orgánica del Sistema Nacional de Salud y por la Ley de Descentralización, Delimitación y Trasferencia de Poderes a los Estados.
Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , Health PolicySubject(s)
History, 20th Century , Health Policy , Health Services , Local Health Systems , Primary Health Care , Public HealthABSTRACT
Tratará lo referente al período 1911-1958, para extender un poco más en el que va desde 1959 hasta 1991. Y pondrá el énfasis en la política de salud del Estado, ya que ella marca y hasta cierto punto determina el curso de la historia sanitario-social del país. Y para ello utilizará como fuente principal la documentación que tengo a la mano del MSAS por ser la más abundante, consecuente y difundida a lo largo del tiempo. (AU)
Subject(s)
Public Health/history , Health Policy/history , VenezuelaSubject(s)
History, 20th Century , Public Health/history , Health Policy/history , Health Services , VenezuelaSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Promotion , Public Health , Cardiovascular Diseases , Epidemiology , Neoplasms , Risk , Tobacco Use DisorderABSTRACT
Se presenta la signatura Salud Pública de los cursos de especialización en Administración Sanitaria; en Administración de Hospitales y en Epidemiología de la Escuela de Salud Pública de Venezuela con el objeto de estudiar la Salud Pública como ciencia comprensiva y aplicada tanto en la docencia como en las actividades destinadas a la promoción, prevención, restitución y rehabilitación en el campo de la salud, para mejorar la formación del egresado de los cursos
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Public Health/educationABSTRACT
Se presentan 7 temas introductorios de salud pública, de acuerdo al programa del primer período de los cursos de Post-grado de Especialización en Administración Sanitaria, en Administración de Hospitales y en Epidemiología, de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Los temas se refieren a: la salud pública como ciencia comprensiva, el Estado y el Sistema Nacional de Salud, la Salud colectiva; la legislación para la salud de Venezuela; la Planificación Cientifica de la Salud; la Política de Salud; lo recursos humanos para la salud y la participación comunitaria en salud
