Production and purification of high-titer OrfV for preclinical studies in vaccinology and cancer therapy.

Poxviruses have been used extensively as vaccine vectors for human and veterinary medicine and have recently entered the clinical realm as immunotherapies for cancer. We present a comprehensive method for producing high-quality lots of the poxvirus Parapoxvirus ovis (OrfV) for use in preclinical models of vaccinology and cancer therapy. OrfV is produced using a permissive sheep skin-derived cell line and is released from infected cells by repeated freeze-thaw combined with sonication. We present two methods for isolation and purification of bulk virus. Isolated virus is concentrated to high titer using polyethylene glycol to produce the final in vivo-grade product. We also describe methods for quantifying OrfV infectious virions and determining genomic copy number to evaluate virus stocks. The methods herein will provide researchers with the ability to produce high-quality, high-titer OrfV for use in preclinical studies, and support the translation of OrfV-derived technologies into the clinic.

Combining vanadyl sulfate with Newcastle disease virus potentiates rapid innate immune-mediated regression with curative potential in murine cancer models.

The avian paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a promising oncolytic agent that has been shown to be safe and effective in a variety of pre-clinical cancer models and human clinical trials. NDV preferentially replicates in tumor cells due to signaling defects in apoptotic and antiviral pathways acquired during the transformation process and is a potent immunostimulatory agent. However, when used as a monotherapy NDV lacks the ability to consistently generate durable remissions. Here we investigate the use of viral sensitizer-mediated combination therapy to enhance the anti-neoplastic efficacy of NDV. Intratumoral injection of vanadyl sulfate, a pan-inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, in combination with NDV significantly increased the number and activation status of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment, concomitant with increased expression of interferon-ß, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, leading to rapid tumor regression and long-term cures in mice bearing syngeneic B16-F10 melanomas. The anti-tumor efficacy of this combination therapy was abrogated when NK cells were depleted and when interferon-ß expression was transiently suppressed. Tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses were not detected, nor were mice whose tumors regressed protected from re-challenge. This suggested efficacy of the combination therapy predominantly relied on the innate immune system. Importantly, efficacy was not limited to melanoma; it was also demonstrated in a murine prostate cancer model. Taken together, these results suggest that combining NDV with vanadyl sulfate potentiates an innate immune response that can potentiate rapid clearance of tumors, with type I interferon signaling and NK cells being important mechanisms of action.

Optimized Pre-Clinical Grade Production of Two Novel Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Lung Gene Delivery.

Lung gene therapy requires efficient transduction of slow-replicating epithelia and stable expression of delivered transgenes in the respiratory tract. Lentiviral (LV) vectors have the ideal coding, expression, and transducing capacity required for gene therapy. A modified envelope glycoprotein from the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus, termed Jenv, is well suited for LV-mediated lung gene therapy due to its inherent lung tropism. Here, two novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs that effectively transduce lung tissue and yield titers similar to the gold standard, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped LVs, were generated. As the concentration efficiency of LVs was found to depend on envelope pseudotype, a large-scale production method tailored for Jenv-pseudotyped LVs was developed and the most appropriate method of concentration was determined. In contrast to VSVg and Ebola virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped LVs, ultracentrifugation through a sucrose cushion drastically reduced the yield of Jenv LVs, whereas polyethylene glycol precipitation and tangential flow filtration (TFF) proved to be more suitable methods for concentrating Jenv LVs. Importantly, pressure during TFF was found to be crucial for increasing LV recovery. Finally, a unique mouse model was developed to test the suitability of these novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs for use in lung gene therapy applications.

The U3 and Env Proteins of Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus and Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus Both Contribute to Tissue Tropism.

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) are small-ruminant betaretroviruses that share high nucleotide and amino acid identity, utilize the same cellular receptor, hyaluronoglucosaminidase 2 (Hyal2) for entry, and transform tissues with their envelope (Env) glycoprotein; yet, they target discrete regions of the respiratory tract-the lung and nose, respectively. This distinct tissue selectivity makes them ideal tools with which to study the pathogenesis of betaretroviruses. To uncover the genetic determinants of tropism, we constructed JSRV-ENTV chimeric viruses and produced lentivectors pseudotyped with the Env proteins from JSRV (Jenv) and ENTV (Eenv). Through the transduction and infection of lung and nasal turbinate tissue slices, we observed that Hyal2 expression levels strongly influence ENTV entry, but that the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoters of these viruses are likely responsible for tissue-specificity. Furthermore, we show evidence of ENTV Env expression in chondrocytes within ENTV-infected nasal turbinate tissue, where Hyal2 is highly expressed. Our work suggests that the unique tissue tropism of JSRV and ENTV stems from the combined effort of the envelope glycoprotein-receptor interactions and the LTR and provides new insight into the pathogenesis of ENTV.

AAV vector distribution in the mouse respiratory tract following four different methods of administration.

BACKGROUND: Targeted delivery of gene therapy vectors to the mouse respiratory tract is often performed via intranasal or intratracheal administration; however, there can be a great deal of variability between these methods, which could potentially influence experimental results. Improving the accuracy and precision of lung delivery will not only reduce the number of animals required to detect statistically significant differences, but may reduce the variability of studies from different laboratories. RESULTS: Here we evaluated three different methods of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector administration to the respiratory tract in mice (intranasal, intubation, and intratracheal injection) and discuss the advantages, challenges, and shortcomings of each. We also present a modified-intranasal delivery technique that is superior to passive administration of vector into the nares of anesthetized supine animals. Transgene expression was consistently visible in the nasal cavity, trachea, and proximal to middle aspect of all lung lobes for all four methods, whereas transgene expression was consistently observed in the most distal aspect of lung lobes only with the intubation and intratracheal injection techniques. AAV vector genome copy numbers in the lung were approximately four-fold lower in mice that received vector via intranasal administration in comparison to the other three methods of vector delivery. The modified intranasal, intubation and intratracheal injection methods of vector administration did not yield statistical differences in AAV vector genome copy numbers in the lung. With regard to reproducibility of vector distribution within and between animals, the modified-intranasal technique was superior. CONCLUSION: Our results show that mode of AAV vector administration to the murine respiratory tract should be selected based on desired target site and skill of the researcher, and that appropriate technique selection may greatly influence experimental outcomes.

Long-Term Provision of Environmental Resources Alters Behavior but not Physiology or Neuroanatomy of Male and Female BALB/c and C57BL/6 Mice.

Few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of providing environmental resources to mice. This consideration is important given that mice are often maintained in vivaria for months. We evaluated the effects of providing simple cage resources (wood wool, cotton nesting material, a plastic tunnel, and oat cereal) compared with standard housing (solid-bottom cage with hardwood chips) to group-housed adult male and female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice (n = 20/sex/strain/group) over 6 mo to determine whether these resources had a lasting effect on animal physiology, anatomy, and behavior. Body weights increased in all groups over time but were proportionately higher in male and female BALB/c mice housed in resource-supplemented environments. Throughout the study, adding environmental resources had no effect on hematology and lymphocyte subsets, fecal corticoid metabolite levels, response to LPS injection, or dendritic spine length or density. Strain- or sex×environmentspecific changes occurred in dark-light activity and thermal nociceptive responses. Dominant agonistic behaviors, abnormal conspecific sexual behaviors, and social nonagonistic behaviors demonstrated sex and strain×environment interactions such that fewer maladaptive social behaviors were noted in mice that were provided with environmental resources. This association was particularly evident in male mice of both strains in resource-supplemented environments. A small but significant increase in brain weight:body weight ratios occurred in mice in resource-supplemented environments. Under the conditions evaluated here, consistent use of simple environmental resources had a positive long-term effect on the behavioral wellbeing of male and female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice yet minimally affected other aspects of murine physiology and neuroanatomy.

Diagnosis and treatment of a periocular myxosarcoma in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps).

A 5-year-old male Australian bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) was presented with a 2-month history of a periocular mass. The clinical evaluation included a physical examination, hematology, biochemistry, and radiographs. The mass was treated surgically and diagnosed as myxosarcoma. Strontium-90 plesiotherapy was attempted, but the mass recurred 5 mo later.

Diagnostic et traitement d'un myosarcome périoculaire chez un dragon barbu(Pogona vitticeps) . Un dragon barbu mâle âgé de 5 ans (Pogona vitticeps) a été présenté avec une anamnèse de masse périoculaire apparue depuis 2 mois. L'évaluation clinique a inclus un examen physique, une hématologie, une biochimie et des radiographies. La masse a été traitée par chirurgie et diagnostiquée comme un myosarcome. Une plésiothérapie au strontium-90 a été tentée, mais la masse est revenue 5 mois plus tard.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Focal thoracolumbar spinal cord lymphosarcoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

A 6-year-old, castrated male domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was euthanized following progressive hind limb paresis and atonia of the bladder of 1-year duration. Neurological evaluation localized the lesion to the thoracolumbar spinal region, and magnetic resonance imaging showed a focal intramedullary spinal cord lesion. Histopathology revealed an extensive, unencapsulated, poorly demarcated mass within the thoracolumbar spinal cord, diagnosed as lymphosarcoma.

Lymphosarcome thoraco-lombaire localisé dans la moelle épinière chez un furet(Mustela putorius furo) . Un furet domestique (Mustela putorius furo) mâle castré âgé de 6 ans a été euthanasié après une parésie progressive des membres postérieurs et une atonie de la vessie d'une durée de 1 an. L'évaluation neurologique a repéré la lésion dans la région de la moelle épinière thoraco-lombaire et une imagerie par résonance magnétique a indiqué une lésion intramédullaire localisée dans la moelle épinière. L'histopathologie a révélé une masse importante, acapsulée et faiblement démarquée dans la moelle épinière thoraco-lombaire qui a été diagnostiquée comme un lymphosarcome.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Aqueous stability and oral pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and carprofen in male C57BL/6 mice.

We found that carprofen and meloxicam under 3 environmental conditions (ambient dark, ambient light, and 4 °C) remained stable for at least 7 d. We then evaluated the oral pharmacokinetics of meloxicam (20 mg/kg) and carprofen (10 mg/kg) in male C57BL/6 mice after oral gavage or administration in the drinking water. Mice did not drink meloxicam-medicated water but readily consumed carprofen-medicated water, consuming an average of 14.19 mL carprofen-medicated water per 100 g body weight daily; mice drank more during the dark phase than during the light phase. Plasma analyzed by HPLC (meloxicam) and tandem mass spectrometry (carprofen) revealed that the peak meloxicam and carprofen concentrations were 16.7 and 20.3 µg/mL and occurred at 4 and 2 h after oral gavage, respectively. Similar blood levels were achieved after 12 h access to the carprofen-medicated water bottle. At 24 h after oral gavage, the drugs were not detectable in plasma. Meloxicam plasma AUC, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent oral clearance were 160.4 mg/L × h, 7.4 h, 0.36 L/kg, and 0.125 mL/h × kg, respectively. Carprofen plasma AUC, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and apparent oral clearance were 160.8 mg/L × h, 7.4 h, 0.42 L/kg, and 0.062 mL/h × kg, respectively. No gross or microscopic evidence of toxicity was seen in any mouse. Our findings indicate that carprofen can be administered in drinking water to mice and that medicated water bottles should be placed 12 to 24 h prior to painful procedures.