Liver transplantation in Latin America: current status.

The current status of liver transplantation in Latin America is reviewed. For an estimated population of 470 million people, approximately 1100 liver transplantations were performed in 2002, namely, 2.3 liver transplantations per million people per year (pmp). The top transplantation rates were in Argentina 4.5, Brazil 3.9, and Chile 3.6 pmp. In 2001, liver transplantations were not performed in 2 of 10 South American countries nor were liver transplantations performed in 5 of 6 Central American countries. In the Latin American countries performing this procedure, living donor liver transplantation has been performed to palliate the organ shortage for pediatric patients in most of these countries. However, only 3 countries have used the procedure for adult liver transplantation. The lack of adequate financial coverage, education, and organization are the main limiting factors to the development of liver transplantation in Latin America.

Laparoscopic anatomy of the region of the esophageal hiatus.

BACKGROUND: The wide patient acceptance of hiatal and gastroesophageal surgery performed by laparoscopy has suddenly generated a large volume of procedures frequently done by surgeons with limited experience in this area. This has resulted in an excessive number of complications. Knowledge of the normal and pathologic laparoscopic anatomy is essential for safe dissection around the esophageal hiatus. METHODS: This description is based on the experience gained during 850 open and 150 laparoscopic surgeries in and around the hiatus and on the review of the literature. RESULTS: Laparoscopic approach, dissection, and accessibility of the hiatus and surrounding organs are different than those experienced through cadaveric dissection and open surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Clear understanding of the normal and pathologic anatomy and its variations facilitates laparoscopic dissection of the hiatus and neighboring structures and should help the surgeon avoid complications.