Dopamine regulates termite soldier differentiation through trophallactic behaviours.

Caste polyphenism in social insects is regulated by social interactions among colony members. Trophallaxis is one of the most frequently observed interactions, but no studies have been conducted identifying the intrinsic factors involved in this behaviour and caste differentiation. Dopamine (DA) has multiple roles in the modulation of behaviours and physiology, and it produces species-specific behaviours in animals. Here, to verify the role of DA in termite soldier differentiation, we focused on the first soldier in an incipient colony of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which always differentiates from the oldest 3rd instar (No. 1 larva) via a presoldier. First, brain DA levels of the No. 1 larva at day 3 after its appearance were significantly higher than day 0. Second, DA synthesis gene expression levels were extraordinarily high in the No. 1 larva at day 0-1 after appearance. Finally, injection of a DA receptor antagonist into the No. 1 larva resulted in the inhibition of presoldier differentiation. Behavioural observations of the antagonist or control-injected larvae suggested that brain DA and signalling activity regulate the frequencies of trophallaxis from reproductives and presoldier differentiation. Because trophallaxis is a social behaviour frequently observed in natural conditions, the role of DA should be investigated in other social insects with frequent trophallactic and allogrooming behaviour.

Continuous femoral versus epidural block for attainment of 120° knee flexion after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.

We conducted the prospective randomized controlled trial to test that continuous femoral nerve block (CFNB) improves attainment of 120° knee flexion compared to continuous epidural analgesia (CEA). Sixty-six patients scheduled for unilateral total knee arthroplasty were randomized into two groups; infusion of ropivacaine 0.15% into CEA or CFNB to third postoperative days. We studied the time required to attain 120° knee flexion, variations in thigh and calf circumferences around the treated knee, pain scores, rehabilitation milestones, the need for adjuvant analgesics, and side effects. CFNB patients attained earlier knee flexion to 120°, lower variations in thigh and calf circumferences, less pain during rehabilitation, and less need for adjuvant analgesics. CFNB is a better pain management strategy that accelerates knee flexion rehabilitation.

Efficacy of traditional Japanese herbal medicines-Keishikajutsubuto (TJ-18) and Bushi-matsu (TJ-3022)-against postherpetic neuralgia aggravated by self-reported cold stimulation: a case series.

OBJECTIVES: It has been reported that postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in patients over 60 years of age is aggravated under cold stimulation and is often difficult to treat. Keishikajutsubuto (TJ-18) and Bushi-matsu (TJ-3022) are traditional Japanese herbal medicines and have long been used to treat neuralgia and arthralgia, which are aggravated following cold stimulation. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined TJ-18 and TJ-3022 therapy in cases of PHN aggravated by self-reported cold stimulation. DESIGN: Fifteen (15) PHN patients aged 60 years and over were examined. Patients were aware of the persistent pain despite other treatments; pain was generally aggravated following exposure to cold stimulation. First, TJ-18 (7.5 g/day) was administered to patients, and then TJ-3022 (1.0 g/day) was also administered and progressively increased by 0.5-1.0 g increments every 2-4 weeks, until stable improvement was achieved, which was rated using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Analgesic effects were evaluated using the VAS during each patient visit. OUTCOME MEASURES: Background variables, responses to treatment (time course of VAS rating, VAS improvement rate), the amount of additional TJ-3022 administered, and adverse reactions were analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve (12) of the 15 patients completed the entire trial. Patient ages were 61-85 years, the male-to-female ratio was 4:8, and length of time after onset of herpes zoster was 2-92 months. In 3 patients, oral TJ-18 treatment was not possible due to hot flash or gastric discomfort. The VAS improvement rate for patients being orally administered both TJ-18 and TJ-3022 was 76.5±27.7% (mean±standard deviation). The additional TJ-3022 dose was 1.0-5.0 g/day. Twelve (12) patients have been treated without serious adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS: TJ-18 and TJ-3022 combination treatment is a promising means of treating intractable PHN, which has a self-reported tendency to aggravate pain under cold stimulation.

[Evaluation of patients with chronic pain].

Pain behavior of chronic pain patients are modulated by many factors. Evaluating such factors is important in pain management. Availability of various approaches, understanding of these indications, patient evaluation and treatment selection are indispensable for managing chronic pain patients.

Toward the synthesis of didemnaketal B: a convergent synthesis of the C9-C28 subunit.

Synthesis of the C9-C28 subunit of didemnaketal B has been developed. This subunit was convergently prepared from four chiral synthons and at the longest linear sequence required 16 steps.

A retrospective chart review of the antiemetic effectiveness of risperidone in refractory opioid-induced nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer patients.

Nausea and vomiting are distressing symptoms in advanced cancer patients. The causes of nausea and vomiting are multifactorial. Among the causes is opioid therapy, the mainstay of cancer pain management. When nausea or other opioid side effects occur, it may hamper pain management and undermine the quality of life of cancer patients. Risperidone exerts an antiemetic effect in animals, but there has been no clinical report on its antiemetic activity. We conducted a retrospective chart review to examine whether risperidone is useful for opioid-induced nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer patients (n=20). Risperidone was given as doses of 1mg once a day. Complete response was observed in 50% of patients (10/20) for nausea and 64% (7/11) for vomiting. Sedation (n=2) was documented as an adverse effect. This observation suggests that risperidone can be an effective antiemetic drug in the treatment of refractory opioid-induced nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer patients.

Experimental neuropathy in mice is associated with delayed behavioral changes related to anxiety and depression.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic pain frequently suffer affective disorders, particularly anxiety and depression. Although clinical research on the relationship between pain and depressive symptoms has been done, it is not clear whether pain causes depression or depression exaggerates pain. To investigate the relation between pain and affect, we measured anxiety and depression-related behaviors in mice after spinal nerve ligation using classical behavioral tests. METHODS: After unilateral ligation of the left fifth lumbar nerve, we measured pain behaviors using von Frey and radiant heat tests. Activity level, anxiety-related behaviors, and depression-related behaviors were tested with open field, light-dark exploration, elevated plus-maze, and forced swim tests. RESULTS: Sensory hypersensitivity was observed within a few days after ligation. Anxiety and depression-related behaviors were not seen 2 and 7 days after ligation. However, 15 and 30 days after ligation we found clear evidence of anxiety and depression-related behaviors, without loss of mobility. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve injury can trigger affective disturbances in mice that appear much later than sensory hypersensitivity.

Long-lasting effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the thermal hyperalgesia in the rat model of peripheral neuropathy.

We demonstrate here unexpectedly long-lasting effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to alleviate thermal hyperalgesia in rats with peripheral neuropathy produced by constriction of sciatic nerve. For TENS groups, electrical stimulation for 16.7 min (1 Hz, paired current, 12 mA, 5-ms interval, 0.2-ms duration, 999 pairs), once a day, was delivered for 5 consecutive days, under halothane anesthesia (Hal-TENS group) or pentobarbital anesthesia (Pent-TENS group). For non-TENS groups, only the anesthesia was delivered (Hal-no TENS group, Pent-no TENS group). For the control group, neither anesthetics nor TENS was delivered. To evaluate hyperalgesia, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to radiant heat was measured before nerve constriction and five times after the constriction; just before TENS and at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after the completion of TENS. Compared to the non-TENS groups, rats in the TENS groups showed significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia at least for 3 days (Pent-TENS group) or for 7 days (Hal-TENS group) after TENS. These results indicate a possible long-lasting therapeutic effect of TENS applied under general anesthesia.