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1.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 22(3): 126-133, mayo-jun. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-137063

ABSTRACT

Los especialistas en dolor crónico nos enfrentamos habitualmente a situaciones en las que los pacientes que van a ser sometidos a procedimientos intervencionistas están bajo tratamiento antiagregante o anticoagulante. Las complicaciones hemorrágicas pueden ser catastróficas cuando se trata de bloqueos profundos y técnicas dentro del canal espinal. Sin embargo, el riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos aumenta con la suspensión inadecuada de los fármacos antiagregantes y anticoagulantes en estos pacientes. A día de hoy no existen unos algoritmos o recomendaciones actualizadas para el manejo de estos pacientes en el área de dolor crónico. El objetivo de este documento es ofrecer unas recomendaciones de seguridad sobre el manejo de estos fármacos según el tipo de intervención y el tipo de paciente, con el objetivo de minimizar el riesgo de complicaciones hemorrágicas sin aumentar el riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos. Para ello, se han revisado las últimas publicaciones sobre el manejo fármacos que alteran la hemostasia en anestesia regional y otras técnicas de dolor crónico, incluyendo diferentes guías de manejo perioperatorio (ASRA, ESA, SEDAR...). Existe buena evidencia en el incremento del riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos en pacientes que suspenden la terapia antiagregante, y que este riesgo es mayor que el de la incidencia de hematomas epidurales en pacientes que continúan con el tratamiento, si bien ambos riesgos son significativos. Así mismo, existe buena evidencia de la incidencia de hematomas pidurales espontáneos asociados o no a punción traumática, en pacientes con o sin terapia antitrombótica. Estos hematomas epidurales espontáneos están asociados a factores favorecedores como la manipulación excesiva, el uso de agujas de mayor calibre, el uso de catéteres, los procedimientos sobre el canal cervical, la edad avanzada, y las anormalidades vasculares y anatómicas del paciente. Hay una tendencia menos conservadora hacia los intervalos de interrupción de los fármacos antiagregantes en pacientes de alto riesgo (Aspirina® 3 días, clopidogrel 5 días), si bien el manejo de heparinas y anticoagulantes orales clásicos prácticamente no ha cambiado. Recientemente han surgido nuevos anticoagulantes orales no contemplados en muchas de estas guías (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) con mayor perfil de seguridad que el Sintrom®, habitualmente sin necesidad de terapia puente con heparinas tras la suspensión del fármaco. El inconveniente es que existe escasa documentación en la literatura sobre su manejo perioperatorio, por lo que su suspensión se basa actualmente en sus características farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas estrictas (2 días, siendo mayor si existe insuficiencia renal) (AU)


Interventional pain physicians usually face situations were, the patients that are going to be under an interventional procedure, are undergoing an antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Bleeding complications can be catastrophic when we talk about deep blocks and interventions into the spinal canal. However, the risk of thromboembolic events increases with the improper discontinuation of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs in those patients. Nowadays, there are no algorithms or updated recommendations on the handling of those patients in the chronic pain area. The goal of this article is to offer some recommendations on how to use, in a safety way, those drugs depending on the type of intervention and patient, with the objective of minimizing the risk of bleeding complications without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. To do this, the latest news on the use of drugs which alters the hemostasis in regional anesthesia and other chronic pain technics had been reviewed, including different guides on the perioperative management (ASRA, ESA, SEDAR, etc.). There is fair evidence that the risk of thromboembolic phenomenon increases on those patients whom discontinues their antiplatelet therapy, and that this risk is even higher than the risk of epidural hematomas on those patients whom continues with their treatment, even though both risks are significant. There is also good evidence of the incidence of spontaneous epidural hematomas, associated or not to a traumatic puncture, in patients with or without an antithrombotic therapy. Those spontaneous epidural hematomas are more likely associated to favorable factors such as: Excessive manipulation, the use of larger gauge needles, the use of catheters, procedures into the cervical spinal canal, elderly patients, and vascular and anatomical abnormalities of the patient. There is a less conservative tendency about intervals of discontinuation of antiplatelet drugs in high risk patients (3 days for Aspirin®, 5 days for clopidogrel), while the use of heparin and classic oral anticoagulants practically has not changed. Recently, new oral anticoagulants, not included in most of these guides, have appeared (dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban) with a higher security profile than Sintrom®, usually without the need of heparin bridging therapy after discontinuation of the drug. The inconvenience is that there is limited evidence about its perioperative use. That is why it ́s suspension is actually based on its strict pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics characteristics (2 days, being higher if there exists a decline in renal function) (AU)


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/metabolism , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Chronic Pain/therapy , Hemorrhage/complications , Hemorrhage/therapy , Algorithms , Hemostasis , Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use
2.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 21(6): 323-327, nov.-dic. 2014. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-131153

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el bloqueo-infiltración caudal es una técnica utilizada en las unidades de dolor para tratar el dolor de origen radicular lumbosacro. Esta técnica se ha realizado clásicamente mediante referencias anatómicas o guiado mediante fluoroscopia. Se presenta la realización de la técnica eco-guiada y las complicaciones surgidas tras la realización de la misma. Material y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se estudiaron las complicaciones de la técnica. Se realizaron 126 procedimientos en pacientes adultos de ambos sexos. Procedimiento: se localizó el hiato sacro mediante ecografía y se insertó una aguja de Touhy 18 G en el espacio epidural caudal perforando el ligamento sacro-coccígeo. Resultados: no surgieron complicaciones graves en ninguno de los pacientes. No hubo casos de mala ventana ecográfica por lo que se pudo realizar la técnica en todos los enfermos programados. Conclusión: debido a la ausencia de complicaciones la realización de la técnica eco-guiada es una alternativa segura y fiable a la técnica guiada con fluoroscopia. Mediante esta técnica se evita la exposición de radiaciones ionizantes. Además el bloqueo caudal eco-guiado no necesita del uso de contrastes yodados y permite transportar el ecógrafo a la cabecera del enfermo en caso de ser necesario (AU)


Introduction: Caudal block is a procedure used to treat lumbo- sacral root pain. This procedure has traditionally been realized using anatomy references or guided by fluoroscopy. The realization of sonography-guided technique and complications following the embodiment there of is presented Material and methods: Observational and descriptive study in which is studied procedure complications. One hundred and twenty-six caudal blocks were performed in adult patients of both sexes. Procedure: The sacral hiatus was located by ultrasound and 18 G Tuohy needle was inserted into the epidural space flow drilling the sacro-coccygeal ligament. Results: There were no serious complications arose in any of the patients. There were no cases of poor ultrasound window so they could perform the technique on all scheduled patients. Conclusions: The procedure sonography-guided is safe and reliable due to the absence of complications and is an alternative to flouoroscopy-guided technique. This technique of ionizing radiation exposure is avoided. In addition the caudal block does not need ionized contrast substances and let take the sonography machine bedsides if necessary (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anesthesia, Caudal/instrumentation , Anesthesia, Caudal , Ultrasonography/instrumentation , Ultrasonography/methods , Ultrasonography/trends , Pain Management/instrumentation , Pain Management/methods , Fluoroscopy/instrumentation , Fluoroscopy/methods , Triamcinolone/therapeutic use , Anesthesia, Caudal/trends , Reproducibility of Results , Fluoroscopy/standards , Anesthesia, Caudal/methods , Fluoroscopy , Heart Rate , Bupivacaine/therapeutic use , Prospecting Probe
3.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 60(4): 204-214, abr. 2013.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-112536

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Identificar acciones preventivas que minimicen el riesgo para la seguridad de los pacientes atendidos en las unidades de tratamiento del dolor, y agrupar en lotes las acciones preventivas que presenten características homogéneas. El trabajo es una parte de un proyecto de mejora de la seguridad de pacientes atendidos en dichas unidades, cuyo propósito global ha sido la identificación, priorización y prevención de riesgos. Material y métodos. Se seleccionó un grupo de expertos formado por profesionales con formación clínica específica y experiencia en programas y servicios de atención al dolor. Se les proporcionó formación en seguridad de pacientes e información sobre los eventos adversos identificados, los fallos y las causas asociados. Mediante la técnica de tormenta de ideas los participantes respondieron a la pregunta: ¿qué modificaciones o mejoras habría que hacer al proceso asistencial para evitar absolutamente la aparición de cada uno de los eventos adversos? Las propuestas generadas se consensuaron y agruparon en lotes en función de su homogeneidad. Resultados. Se identificaron 456 acciones preventivas. El apartado más numeroso fue el de las modificaciones en la organización del proceso asistencial, seguido de los de las mejoras en la práctica clínica, las actividades formativas, la protocolización y la comunicación con el paciente. Conclusiones. Según el consenso de los expertos, son los cambios organizativos y las mejoras en la práctica asistencial, las intervenciones que más podrían reducir el riesgo para los pacientes en las unidades de tratamiento del dolor(AU)


Objectives. To identify preventive actions that minimise risk of patients safety in pain treatment units, and to cluster preventive actions into homogeneous groups. The current study is part of a project intended to improve patient safety in pain treatment units, and is aimed at identifying, prioritising and preventing patient safety risk. Material and methods. A group of experts was selected from professionals with a specific clinical background and experience in pain treatment units. This group was provided with information on patient safety and on known adverse events, errors and related causes. Through a brainstorming method the participants were asked: What changes or improvements would need to be undertaken to absolutely prevent the occurrence of each adverse event? The participant's proposals were analysed and grouped according to their homogeneity. Results. A total of 456 preventive actions were identified. The group that received the highest number of suggestions was the one including changes in the management of healthcare processes, followed by the group that considered improvements in clinical practice, training activities, protocols and policies, and patient communication. Conclusions. According to the consensus of the experts, management of healthcare processes and improvements in health care practices are the 2 interventions that are most likely to reduce patient safety risk in pain treatment units(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /methods , Pain Clinics/organization & administration , Pain Clinics/statistics & numerical data , Chronic Pain/epidemiology , Chronic Pain/prevention & control , Pain Management/methods , Patient Safety/statistics & numerical data , Patient Safety/standards , Pain Management/adverse effects , Risk Factors , /organization & administration , Quality of Health Care/organization & administration , Quality of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Health Care/standards
4.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 60(4): 204-14, 2013 Apr.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23433728

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To identify preventive actions that minimise risk of patients safety in pain treatment units, and to cluster preventive actions into homogeneous groups. The current study is part of a project intended to improve patient safety in pain treatment units, and is aimed at identifying, prioritising and preventing patient safety risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of experts was selected from professionals with a specific clinical background and experience in pain treatment units. This group was provided with information on patient safety and on known adverse events, errors and related causes. Through a brainstorming method the participants were asked: What changes or improvements would need to be undertaken to absolutely prevent the occurrence of each adverse event? The participant's proposals were analysed and grouped according to their homogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 456 preventive actions were identified. The group that received the highest number of suggestions was the one including changes in the management of healthcare processes, followed by the group that considered improvements in clinical practice, training activities, protocols and policies, and patient communication. CONCLUSIONS: According to the consensus of the experts, management of healthcare processes and improvements in health care practices are the 2 interventions that are most likely to reduce patient safety risk in pain treatment units.


Subject(s)
Chronic Pain/therapy , Pain Management/adverse effects , Patient Safety , Safety Management , Hospital Units , Humans
6.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 59(8): 423-429, oct. 2012.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-105765

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Un grupo de expertos coordinado por la Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública identificó los episodios adversos (EA) más graves y frecuentes en las Unidades de Tratamiento del Dolor (UTD), así como los fallos y las causas subyacentes, como paso previo a la elaboración de acciones preventivas. Los objetivos del proyecto fueron identificar los episodios adversos potenciales en las UTD, identificar sus fallos y las causas que pueden originarlos y, priorizar dichos fallos según la herramienta análisis de modos de fallos y de sus efectos (AMFE). Material y métodos. La metodología empleada consistió en realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica, selección de un grupo de expertos con experiencia en UTD, creación de un catálogo de episodios adversos mediante la técnica de generación de ideas y, puesta en práctica de las herramientas AMFE e índice de prioridad de riesgo. Resultados. Se identificaron hasta 66 tipos de episodios adversos relacionados con medicación (30), técnicas invasivas (15), proceso asistencial (10), información y educación del paciente (6), práctica clínica (5). Se localizó que hasta 101 fallos pueden desencadenar esos EA y, que 242 causas pueden provocar esos fallos. Conclusiones. Los resultados indican la necesidad de trabajar principalmente en 2 sentidos: la mejora del proceso asistencial en las UTD (la organización de la asistencia), y el trabajo profesional; este último en 2 aspectos, mejora de la práctica clínica y aumento de las competencias profesionales mediante formación específica. La comunicación, ya sea interprofesional o interservicios o con el paciente y su familia, se identifica como un aspecto clave para la mejora(AU)


Objectives. An expert group coordinated by the Andalusian School of Public Health identified the most serious and frequent adverse events in Pain Treatment Units (PTU), as well the failures and underlying causes, as a prior step to preparing preventive actions. The aims of the project were to identify potential adverse events in Pain Treatment Units, identify failures and their underlying causes, and prioritise these failures according to a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) tool. Material and methods. The method employed consisted of a literature search, the selection of an expert group with experience in PTU, creating a catalogue of adverse events using the generation of ideas technique, and putting the FMEA and Risk Priority Index tools into practice. Results. Up to 66 types of adverse events were identified associated with; medication (30), invasive techniques (15), care process (10), patient information and education (6), and clinical practice (5). It was found that up to 101 failures could be triggered by these adverse events, and that 242 causes could lead to these failures. Conclusions. The results indicated the need to work principally in two directions, improving the care process in the PTU (the health care organisation), and the professional work, this latter having two aspects, improving the clinical practice, and increase professional skills by means of specific training. Communication, whether inter-professional or inter-department, or with the patient and their family, is identified as a key aspect for improvement(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pain Clinics/standards , Pain Clinics , Pain Management/adverse effects , Pain Management/methods , Risk Factors , Security Measures/trends , Pain Clinics/ethics , Pain Management/standards , Pain Management/trends , Pain Management , /organization & administration , /standards , Quality of Health Care/trends
7.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 59(8): 423-9, 2012 Oct.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22742871

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: An expert group coordinated by the Andalusian School of Public Health identified the most serious and frequent adverse events in Pain Treatment Units (PTU), as well the failures and underlying causes, as a prior step to preparing preventive actions. The aims of the project were to identify potential adverse events in Pain Treatment Units, identify failures and their underlying causes, and prioritise these failures according to a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) tool. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The method employed consisted of a literature search, the selection of an expert group with experience in PTU, creating a catalogue of adverse events using the generation of ideas technique, and putting the FMEA and Risk Priority Index tools into practice. RESULTS: Up to 66 types of adverse events were identified associated with; medication (30), invasive techniques (15), care process (10), patient information and education (6), and clinical practice (5). It was found that up to 101 failures could be triggered by these adverse events, and that 242 causes could lead to these failures. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated the need to work principally in two directions, improving the care process in the PTU (the health care organisation), and the professional work, this latter having two aspects, improving the clinical practice, and increase professional skills by means of specific training. Communication, whether inter-professional or inter-department, or with the patient and their family, is identified as a key aspect for improvement.


Subject(s)
Pain Clinics , Patient Safety , Risk Management , Analgesia/adverse effects , Analgesia/mortality , Analgesics/adverse effects , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/etiology , Cross Infection/transmission , Health Priorities , Humans , Medication Errors , Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced , Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology , Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Pain Clinics/organization & administration , Pain Clinics/statistics & numerical data , Pain Management/adverse effects , Patient Education as Topic , Risk Assessment , Risk Management/organization & administration , Risk Management/statistics & numerical data , Treatment Failure
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