[A study of the progression of the incidental prostate cancer depending on the kind of treatment performed]. / Estudio de la progresión del cáncer de próstata incidental según el tipo de tratamiento aplicado.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is a common neoplasm, with a significant burden of mortality. Since it's diagnosed at old ages and usually growths slowly, agresive treatment of localised cancer of prostate could be of little benefit. The study of the evolution of incidental prostate cancer diagnosed 20 years ago could give directions for present decision-making. METHODS: We performed a time survival analysis of patients diagnosed of incidental prostate cancer between 1980 and 2000, and followed them until april 2005. We analysed overall and disease-specific mortality, related to the kind of treatment and some anatomopathological characteristics. RESULTS: We included 80 cases. Treatment was hormonotherapy in 34 cases, surgery in 4, radiotherapy in 3 and watchful waiting in 39. Overall average survival was 8.87 years. Disease-specific survival in low risk group (Gleason lower than 6) was 16 years, and in high risk group (Gleason higher than 7) was 6 years. No differences were found between hormonotherapy and watchful waiting. CONCLUSIONS: While in low risk patients watchful waiting represents an acceptable aproaching, it could not be adequate in high risk cases. Hormonotherapy showed no benefit in incidental prostate cancer.

Estudio de la progresión del cáncer de próstata incidental según el tipo de tratamiento aplicado / A study of the progression of the incidental prostate cancer depending on the kind of treatment performed

Introducción y objetivos: El cáncer de próstata es una neoplasia frecuente y con una carga de mortalidad significativa. Dado que se diagnostica a edades avanzadas y que con frecuencia crece lentamente, el tratamiento agresivo del cáncer de próstata localizado podría, en algunos casos, no aportar grandes beneficios. El estudio de la evolución de los cánceres de próstata incidentales diagnosticados hace 20 años podrían servir de utilidad para guiar las decisiones actuales. Métodos: Análisis de supervivencia de los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata incidental entre 1980 y 2000, con un seguimiento hasta abril de 2005. Se analizó la supervivencia global y la 'cáncer específica', según el tipo de tratamiento y diversos factores anatomopatológicos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 80 casos. De ellos, 34 fueron tratados con hormonoterapia, 4 con cirugía, 3 con radioterapia y 39 siguieron abstención vigilada. La supervivencia media fue de 8,87 años. En el grupo de bajo riesgo (Gleason menor de 6) la supervivencia cáncer-específica fue de 16 años y en el de alto riesgo (Gleason mayor de 7) de 6 años, sin diferencias por tratamiento. Conclusiones: En el grupo de bajo riesgo la abstención vigilada resulta una alternativa aceptable. Esta alternativa puede no ser válida en los de alto riesgo. La hormonoterapia no parece aportar beneficio alguno en los cánceres de próstata incidentales

Introduction and objectives: Prostate cancer is a common neoplasm, with a significant burden of mortality. Since it’s diagnosed at old ages and usually growths slowly, agresive treatment of localised cancer of prostate could be of little benefit. The study of the evolution of incidental prostate cancer diagnosed 20 years ago could give directions for present decision-making Methods: We performed a time survival analysis of patients diagnosed of incidental prostate cancer between 1980 and 2000, and followed them until april 2005. We analysed overall and disease-specific mortality, related to the kind of treatment and some anatomopathological characteristics. Results: We included 80 cases. Treatment was hormonotherapy in 34 cases, surgery in 4, radiotherapy in 3 and watchful waiting in 39. Overall average survival was 8.87 years. Disease-specific survival in low risk group (Gleason lower than 6) was 16 years, and in high risk group (Gleason higher than 7) was 6 years. No differences were found between hormonotherapy and watchful waiting. Conclusions: While in low risk patients watchful waiting represents an acceptable aproaching, it could not be adequate in high risk cases. Hormonotherapy showed no benefit in incidental prostate cancer

[Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Reflections after 24 procedures]. / Adrenalectomía laparoscópica. Consideraciones a propósito de 24 procedimientos.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has gained rapid recognition since publication of the first case in 1992. Currently it is the technique of choice for the surgical treatment of the adrenal gland. Our objective in this paper is to share our experience with this technique and offer some practical advice on how to approach it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 1998 and August 2006 we did a total of 24 laparoscopic adrenalectomies in 22 patients (15 men, 7 women). The right gland was removed in 13 cases and the left in 11. Surgery was bilateral in two cases (one was MEN II, the other bilateral cortical hyperplasia). Average age was 49.5 +/- 14.3 years (range 24 to 78). Clinical diagnosis was: Pheochromocytoma (n = 10), Cushing (n = 6), Conn (n = 4), metastases from lung carcinoma (n = 2) and non-functioning tumor (n = 2). For surgery, all patients were in total lateral decubitus with a pillow to increase the costal-iliac space. We used four trocars on the right side and three on the left. Abdominal access was by Hasson trocar after minilaparotomy. We kept pneumoperitoneal pressure below 12 mmHg; a Veress needle was not used for this procedure. RESULTS: Open surgery was required in one case. Time operation was between 59 and 400 minutes (mean 182 +/- 98 min.). In the first 12 cases average time was 261 +/- 77 minutes and in the final 12 cases was 103 +/- 21 minutes (p < 0.001). Tumour diameter was between 1.3 and 6 cm (mean 3.08 +/- 1.25 cm) and tumour weight was between 8 and 92g (mean 30.13 +/- 21 g). Except in one case with 600 ml blood loss, bleeding was less than 100 ml (n = 23, range: 10-100, mean 43.26 +/- 25ml). We only had intraoperative complications in two cases: perforation of the liver by the laparoscope retractor (at the beginning of the series) and injury to the spleen capsule. Both complications were resolved laparoscopically. Cases by histologic type were: nine cortical adenomas, nine pheochromocytomas, three nodular hyperplasias, two metastases from lung carcinoma, and one adrenal pseudocyst. Discharge from hospital was between three and five days (mean 3.62 +/- 0.82) with a statistical difference (p < 0.001) between twelve first cases and the last ones. CONCLUSIONS: The adrenal laparoscopic approach is currently the technique of choice for removing adrenal tumours although with malign tumours or over 7 cm in diameter there are some contraindications and disadvantages relative to open surgery. There is inevitably a learning curve but satisfactory results are quickly attainable.

Algunas consideraciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento actual del carcinoma prostático organoconfinado / Some considerations on the diagnostic and the present treatment of the prostatic carcinoma organoconfined

No disponible

Prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. ¿Sólo en Centros de excelencia? / Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Only ar centres of expertise

Objetivos: Presentar la experiencia adquirida en la técnica de la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica en un hospital general con un área de influencia de 200.000 habitantes, analizando los resultados preliminares de nuestra serie. Material y Métodos: Entre diciembre de 2002 y agosto de 2005 se seleccionaron un total de 26 pacientes para prostatectomía radical laparoscópica, 25 vía transperitoneal y 1 extraperitoneal. La edad media fue de 62,3 ± 5,3 años (rango 52-69). El PSA medio fue de 9,16 ± 4,2 ng/ml (rango 5,26-24,3). El estadio clínico preoperatorio fue T1c en 10 (38,4%) T2a en 8 (30,8%) y T2ben 8 (30,8%) pacientes respectivamente. La media preoperatoria del grado de Gleason fue de 6 ± 0,8 (rango 4-7). Tres pacientes tenían bloqueo neoadyuvante en el momento de la cirugía (11,5%). En 2 casos se realizó linfadenectomía bilateral simultánea. No se realizó en ningún caso la técnica de preservación de nervios erectores. Resultados: La cirugía se completó en 20 pacientes. El seguimiento medio ha sido de 12,4 ± 8,6 meses (rango 3-34). No hubo muertes derivadas de la cirugía. En los primeros 10 casos hubo 6 reconversiones. En los 16 restantes 0. El tiempo quirúrgico medio para toda la serie fue de 303,5 ± 95,1 minutos (rango 150-540). En los 14 primeros casos el tiempo quirúrgico medio fue332,14 ± 92,58 y 236,6 ± 66,5 minutos en los últimos 6 casos (p<0.02). El sangrado medio fue de 90,25 ± 46,5 cc (rango 40-250). Complicaciones postoperatorias observamos en 4 pacientes (15,38%). El estadio patológico fue pT2a en 3 (15%), pT2b en10 (50%), pT3a en 3 (15%) y pT3b en 4 (20%) pacientes respectivamente. Márgenes positivos se encontraron en 3 casos (11,5%):1 pT2b (ápex), 1 pT3a y 1 pT3b. La estancia media fue de 4,7 ± 3,1 días (rango 3-18). La sonda vesical se mantuvo de media 12,7± 2,7 días (rango 7-21). Descontados los pacientes que precisaron reconversión, el 85% (17 pacientes) referían continencia (no compresa) a los 3 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: La experiencia de nuestro grupo en el manejo de otros procedimientos de cirugía laparoscópica urológica avanzada, ha permitido que la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica sea una técnica factible de realizar en un entorno de baja adscripción poblacional, consiguiendo una rápida curva de aprendizaje y con unos resultados similares a los de la cirugía convencional (AU)

Objectives: To present and evaluate our experience and initial results in radical laparoscopic prostatectomy which we have been using for two and an half years in our General Hospital (covering a total population of 200.000 inhabitants). Material and Methods. Between December 2002 and August 2005, were selected 26 patients for radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (25 transperitoneal and 1 extraperitoneal). Mean age was 62.3 ± 5.3 years (range 52-69). Mean PSA level was 9.16 ± 4.20 ng/mL (range 5.26 to 24.3). Pre-operative classification was T1c in 10 patients (38.4%), T2a in 8 (30.8%) and T2b in 8. Mean Gleason Score was 6 ± 0.8 (range 4-7). Three patients had undergone preoperatively neo-adjuvant hormonal blockage (11.5%). Simultaneous bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in two patients. In no case did we consider a nerve sparing approach. Results. The procedure was accomplished in 20 patients. Mean follow-up was 12.4 ± 8.6 months (range 3 - 34). There was no perioperative mortality. Conversion to open surgery was required six times in the ten first cases but not thereafter. Mean operating time for the whole series was 303 ± 95 minutes (range 150-540) but with a distinct difference between the first fourteen and the last six cases: 332 ± 92,58 versus 236.6 ± 66.5 (p<0.02). Mean blood loss was 90.25 ± 46.5 ml. There were early postoperative complications in 4 patients (15.38%). Final pathological staging was: T2a in three patients (15%), T2b (50%) in 10, T3a (15%) in three and T3b (20%) in four. Positive margins were found in three cases (11.5%): T2b, T3a and T3b. Mean hospitalisation time was 4.7 ± 3.1 days. Provided there was no urinary leakage, the urinary catheter was removed at 12.7 ± 2.7 days. Full continence at three months was achieved in 17 of the patients (85%) who had undergone the full laparoscopic procedure. Conclusions: Our previous experience in other major laparoscopic procedures has allowed us to perform radical laparoscopic prostatectomy with a fast learning curve even in a setting of a relatively low population. Initial long term results seem similar to those achieved with conventional surgery (AU)

[Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Only at centers of expertise]. / Prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. Sólo en centros de excelencia?

OBJECTIVES: To present and evaluate our experience and initial results in radical laparoscopic prostatectomy which we have been using for two and an half years in our General Hospital (covering a total population of 200.000 inhabitants). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between December 2002 and August 2005, were selected 26 patients for radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (25 transperitoneal and 1 extraperitoneal). Mean age was 62.3 +/- 5.3 years (range 52-69). Mean PSA level was 9.16 +/- 4.20 ng/mL (range 5.26 to 24.3). Pre-operative classification was Tlc in 10 patients (38.4%), T2a in 8 (30.8%) and T2b in 8. Mean Gleason Score was 6 +/- 0.8 (range 4-7). Three patients had undergone preoperatively neo-adjuvant hormonal blockage (11.5%). Simultaneous bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in two patients. In no case did we consider a nerve sparing approach. RESULTS: The procedure was accomplished in 20 patients. Mean follow-up was 12.4 +/- 8.6 months (range 3 - 34). There was no perioperative mortality. Conversion to open surgery was required six times in the ten first cases but not thereafter. Mean operating time for the whole series was 303 +/- 95 minutes (range 150-540) but with a distinct difference between the first fourteen and the last six cases: 332 +/- 92.58 versus 236.6 +/- 66.5 (p<0.02). Mean blood loss was 90.25 +/- 46.5 ml. There were early postoperative complications in 4 patients (15.38%). Final pathological staging was: T2a in three patients (15%), T2b (50%) in 10, T3a (15%) in three and T3b (20%) in four. Positive margins were found in three cases (11.5%): T2b, T3a and T3b. Mean hospitalisation time was 4.7 +/- 3.1 days. Provided there was no urinary leakage, the urinary catheter was removed at 12.7 +/- 2.7 days. Full continence at three months was achieved in 17 of the patients (85%) who had undergone the full laparoscopic procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our previous experience in other major laparoscopic procedures has allowed us to perform radical laparoscopic prostatectomy with a fast learning curve even in a setting of a relatively low population. Initial long term results seem similar to those achieved with conventional surgery.

[Estimation of the cost in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Navarre, Spain]. / Aproximación al coste del tratamiento médico de la hiperplasia benigna de próstata en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra.

We evaluate the cost and trends in the medical treatment of out patients suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia in Navarre (Spain) between 1998/2002. The estimated number of patients increased each year, to 10% of the male population over the age of 50 in 2002, with a cost of Euros 2,557,236 equivalent to 2.4% of the total drug expenditure spending of out patients (Euros 106.6 million). The use of tamsulosin tripled and the cost doubled to Euros 807,467 (31.5%) of the total), while the rest of alpha-blockers, wit the exception of doxazosin, was stationary. Phytotherapy decreased by a third and finasteride follows a slow upward trend. The introduction of reference prices set by the Health Department in 2001 to reduce medical budget, led to an initial decrease in cost, offsetted in the following year due to the incorporation of new patients. In this period, surgery for prostate adenoma diminished from 382 patients in 1998 to 270 in 2002 (-30%).

Aproximación al coste del tratamiento médico de la hiperplasia benigna de próstata en la comunidad foral de Navarra / Estimation of the cost in the medical treatment of bening prostatic hyperplasia in Navarra, Spain

Se estudia el coste y evolución del tratamiento médico ambulatorio de los pacientes afectos de clínica de prostatismo sugestiva de hiperplasia benigna de próstata en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra en el periodo 1998/2002. El número estimado de pacientes en tratamiento se incrementa cada año, llegando al 10% de la población masculina mayor de 50 años en el 2002, con un coste para el ente gestor de 2.557.236 € , el 2,4% del gasto médico farmacéutico extrahospitalario total (106,6 millones €). En dicho periodo, la tamsulosina triplica su uso y dobla el coste hasta los 807.467 € (31,5% del total) mientras que el resto de alfa-bloqueantes, con la excepción de la doxazosina, prácticamente se estacionan. La fitoterapia baja su utilización en casi un tercio y el coste en un 50%. El finasteride mantiene una línea ascendente con una cuota de mercado actual del 15%. La introducción de los precios de referencia el año2001 disminuye inicialmente el gasto, pero esta reducción queda sin efecto ya el año siguiente ante la incorporación de nuevos pacientes en tratamiento. En el mismo periodo, la cirugía por adenoma de próstata (cerrada y abierta) pasó de 265 y 117 pacientes en 1998 a 195 y 75, respectivamente, en el año 2002 (-30%) (AU)

We evaluate the cost and trends in the medical treatment of out patients suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia in Navarre (Spain) between 1998/2002.The estimated number of patients increased each year, to 10% of the male population over the age of 50in 2002, with a cost of € 2.557.236 equivalent to 2.4% of the total drug expenditure spending of outpatients (€ 106.6 million). The use of tamsulosin tripled and the cost doubled to € 807.467 (31.5%) of the total), while the rest of alpha-blockers, wit the exception of doxazosin, was stationary. Phytotherapy decreased by a third and finasteride follows a slow upward trend. The introduction of reference prices set by the Health Department in 2001 to reduce medical budget, led to an initial decrease in cost, offsetted in the following year due to the incorporation of new patients. In this period, surgery for prostate adenoma diminished from 382 patients in 1998 to 270 in 2002 (-30%) (AU)

[Therapeutic approach in adrenal melanoma. Review of the literature]. / Actitud terapéutica en el melanoma suprarrenal. Revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To review the treatment strategies for adrenal melanoma and to emphasize the role of curative surgical resection and adjuvant treatment in selected patients with melanoma metastatic to the adrenal gland versus chemotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with advanced malignant melanoma. METHODS: A case of adrenal gland metastasis of a cutaneous melanoma (Clark IV, Breslow 5 mm.) treated by excision one year before that was referred to the Urology Department for Wünderlich syndrome is presented. RESULTS: The analyzed series of programmed adrenalectomy for adrenal metastases from melanoma describe survivals of 26 (3), 36 (9), 59 (3) and 72 (5) months. In our case the patient died at home one month later due to stroke, although concomitant brain metastasis is suspected. Autopsy was not performed. CONCLUSIONS: In the differential diagnosis of an incidentaloma, metastatic disease is likely in a patient with a history of malignant disease. The frequency of malignant melanoma among metastatic adrenal disease varies between 1% and 8.6%; the majority are asymptomatic and incidental findings. We believe that in selected patients with advanced malignant melanoma, with no major coexisting morbidity factors who have isolated melanoma metastatic to the adrenal gland or with limited extra-adrenal sites of disease, curative surgical resection and adjuvant treatment may improve their survival. It must be emphasized that all patients should be followed after surgical resection of the primary tumor because it will facilitate staging of the disease and avoid emergency situations of ruptured friable metastases that make complete resection difficult.

[Differential diagnosis of epididymal leiomyoma. Report of a new case]. / Diagnósticos diferenciales del leiomioma de epidídimo. Aportación de un nuevo caso.

OBJECTIVE: A case of epididymal leiomyoma is presented. This lesion is uncommon and sometimes misdiagnosed. The literature is briefly reviewed. METHODS/RESULTS: A 29-year-old patient presented with a tumor in the tail of the right epididymis that was initially diagnosed as scrotal hematoma or complex cyst in the tail of the epididymis. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound has an important role in distinguishing testicular from epididymal tumors. However, if the diagnosis is unclear, surgical resection and subsequent anatomopathological analysis must be performed.

[Primary neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney: 26 cases. Current status of its diagnosis and treatment]. / Tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo renal (PNET): 26 casos. Estado actual de su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney and review the literature and the 25 cases previously reported as PNET. METHODS: A 39-year-old man who consulted for nephric colic is described. Ultrasound evaluation disclosed a mass arising from the left kidney. The clinical, radiological and pathologic features, treatment and differential diagnosis of small cell tumors are discussed, as well as the important role of immunohistochemical techniques (positive staining with O13 or 12E7 antibodies) and cytogenetic analysis [a characteristic chromosomal translocation t(11;22) (q24;q12) or variant translocation, such as t(21;22) (q22;q12), may be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction-reverse transcriptase (PCR-RT)]. RESULTS: Survival of our patient was 20 months. Only three of the 25 previously reported cases had a longer survival: 60, 48 and 24 months. Mean survival was 10 months. 95.24% of the cases were positive for NSE. Immunostaining (CD99) was performed in 16 patients and was found to be positive in all cases. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses were performed in 11 cases; PCR-RT was negative in two, as well as in the case described herein. CONCLUSIONS: PNET is a highly aggressive neoplasm that tends to recur locally and to metastasize. Despite the poor response to standard therapy combining surgical resection, postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy, the results might change due to current research on genetic therapy based on creating antisense oligonucleotides against the EWS-FLI 1 fusion gene.

[Stromal tumor of the rectum and leiomyosarcoma of the prostate as a cause of urinary syndrome attributable to BPH]. / Tumor estromal de recto y leiomiosarcoma de próstata como causa de síndrome miccional atribuible a HBP.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the classifications of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms ascribed to BPH, in order to define the indication for treatment for patients with similar features but of a different etiology. The literature is also reviewed. METHODS/RESULTS: Two patients, aged 62 and 63 years, diagnosed as having BPH were found to have a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and a leiomyosarcoma of the prostate, respectively. The first patient had undergone retropubic resection. Frozen section analysis revealed a GIST. The second patient had undergone TURP twice. A perineal biopsy at the last medical examination showed a leiomyosarcoma of the prostate. This patient finally underwent pelvic tumorectomy. The international classification of BPH is discussed: PQSF (P: prostatic weight determined by transrectal US or DRE; Q: quality of life assessment; S: international prostate symptom score (IPSS); F: maximum urinary flow rate by uroflowmetry--Qmax). CONCLUSIONS: The classifications are practical, but should be improved. In our view, details useful in orienting the diagnosis could be lost by oversimplification.

[Acute abdomen, as diagnostic cause of renal adenocarcinoma]. / Abdomen agudo, como causa diagnóstica de adenocarcinoma renal.

We report a case of renal adenocarcinoma that was diagnosed after an emergency nephrectomy procedure. The patient had presented with a typical acute abdomen. The diagnostic methods and treatment are briefly discussed. The uncommon form of presentation (renal adenocarcinoma coexisting with multiple renal abscesses presenting as acute abdomen) prompted us to report this case.

[Surgical correction of congenital penile curvatures using the Nesbit technique. Apropos of 24 cases]. / Corrección quirúrgica de curvaduras congénitas de pene, según técnica de Nesbit. A propósito de 24 casos.

We present our experience of 24 cases with congenital penile deviation without hypospadias. Treatment was by surgical correction of the curvature using the Nesbit technique. We briefly describe the diagnostic methods and the parameters utilized for surgical planning and evaluation of the results of surgery. This simple procedure achieved good results in all of our cases.

[Polycythemia as the first and only manifestation of renal adenocarcinoma]. / Policitemía como primera y única manifestación de adenocarcinoma renal.

We report on a 40-year-old patient with adenocarcinoma of the right kidney whose first and only manifestation was the erythrocytosis that had been detected on routine analytical work up. The diagnostic methods (US, IVP, CT, aspiration biopsy cytology and renal arteriography) and treatment (right nephrectomy via extended thoracophrenolaparotomy incision at the level of the ninth rib) are briefly described. The polycythemia remitted following nephrectomy. The etiopathogenesis and hypotheses that have been put forward relative to polycythemia in renal adenocarcinoma are briefly discussed. Renal tumor, particularly renal adenocarcinoma, should be suspected in the presence of polycythemia of unknown origin. Persistent or recurrent polycythemia should prompt us to suspect incomplete tumor excision or metastasis. Surgical risks (embolism, hemorrhage, etc.) may be reduced if hematocrit levels are brought down to within normal levels by bleeding.

[Kidney injuries: a review of 149 cases. A change in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches]. / Traumatismos renales: revisión de 149 casos. Cambio en la actitud diagnóstica y terapéutica.

We reviewed 149 cases of renal trauma that were seen at the Urology Service of Hospital de Navarra from January, 1975 to December, 1989. The severity of the renal injury, type (open or closed), the presence of previous lesions, renal changes, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches were analyzed. The follow-up urologic and nephrologic controls are briefly described. Most of the cases with important renal injury have been followed for one to five years. We observed as increased incidence of renal injuries from road traffic accidents in younger patients with a prevalence in the male. Treatment is more conservative and less nephrectomies have been performed. CT, US, renal arteriography and isotope studies have become widely available. The endourological and transcutaneous techniques have been widely used in the treatment of these patients.

[Surgical adrenal gland pathology. Urologist's pathology]. / Patología quirúrgica suprarrenal. Patología propia del urólogo.

We reviewed 6 cases of unilateral adrenal tumor that had been treated during a 5-year period. The Turner-Warwick modified lateral approach was performed in all 6 cases. In our view, surgical treatment of unilateral adrenal tumors should be performed by the urologist. The high lumbar approach appears to be the most appropriate for unilateral adrenal tumor masses not larger than 6 cm. The surgical anatomy of the adrenal gland is briefly described.

[Renal dysplasia: a review of 6 cases]. / Displasia renal: revisión de seis casos.

Six cases of renal dysplasia (2 neonates and 4 adults) are described. Treatment in all 6 cases was by nephrectomy. The criteria for renal dysplasia are briefly reviewed. The etiology, diagnosis and treatment of this disease entity are discussed.

[Unusual presentation form of testicular neoplasms. Report of 5 cases]. / Forma de presentación no habitual en las neoplasias testiculares. A propósito de cinco casos.

Testicular tumors have a typical form of presentation, but there are also unusual forms that must always be considered. We report on 5 cases of testicular tumors that had an uncommon form of presentation: 3 seminomas (1 anaplastic), 1 teratocarcinoma and 1 carcinoma in situ. All testicular changes, particularly in the young male, must be suspected as being a testicular neoplasm and a complete work up must be performed until the exact diagnosis can be made. Currently, evaluation of the testes by ultrasound is a necessary procedure in the diagnosis of this pathological condition. Because it is non-invasive, simple and low-cost, it is the ideal method of evaluation.

[Primary ureteral adenocarcinoma. Ureteroscopic diagnosis]. / Adenocarcinoma ureteral primario. Diagnóstico ureteroscópico.

A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the ureter that had been diagnosed by ureteroscopy is described, highlighting the form of presentation and treatment. The anatomopathological features as well as the method employed for diagnosis make this an extremely uncommon case.