Genotoxicity of Gamma Radiation Against Lymphocytes of Radiation Workers: The Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Gamma irradiation induces genotoxicity, characterized by the formation of extra-nuclear bodies and left behind during the anaphase stage of cell division, often referred to as a micronucleus (MN). The present work aims to monitor exposure to ionizing radiation as a genotoxic agent in the lymphocytes of workers at radiation energy centers. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The lymphocyte cytokinesis block micronucleus assay used and analyzed the correlation between the Nuclear Division Index (NDI), age, blood type and the number of micronuclei (MN). Blood samples were collected from 20 volunteers in heparin tubes, exposed to 2 Gy gamma rays and cultured <i>in vitro</i>. <b>Results:</b> A significant difference in the number of micronuclei between blood group A and blood groups A, B and AB. The Nuclear Division Index (NDI) value for lymphocytes of radiation energy center workers after gamma radiation was significant (1.74±0.1) but still within the normal range. Neither MN frequency nor NDI values correlated with age, but MN frequency showed a correlation with blood type. <b>Conclusion:</b> The gamma irradiation did not induce a cytostatic effect but proved genotoxic to the lymphocytes of radiation energy center workers. Notably, blood type A demonstrated higher sensitivity to gamma radiation.

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of metals in sediments along the industrialized coast of East Java, Indonesia.

The eastern coastline of Gresik, located in East Java, Indonesia, experienced significant industrialization, leading to the development of numerous diverse sectors. These diverse industrial activities, in addition to other human activities, result in the contamination of sediment across the eastern coast of Gresik with a variety of metals. Metals like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) have exceeded the international standards for sediment quality, potentially causing significant harm to the aquatic ecosystem in this coastal region. The results of the multivariate analysis indicate that the metals found in the sediment are related to a combination of anthropogenic inputs, specifically those originating from industrial effluents in the area under study. Based on the assessment of enrichment factor, contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, degree of contamination, ecological risk index, and pollution load index, it can be concluded that the metals examined displayed different degrees of sediment contamination, ranging from minimal to severely contaminated.

The presence and physico-chemical properties of microplastics in seawater, sediment, and several organs of the spotted scat fish (Scatophagus argus, Linnaeus, 1766) collected from different locations along the East Java coast in Indonesia.

A comprehensive study was undertaken to examine the contamination of spotted scat fish (Scatophagus argus) with microplastics (MP) in various locations along the East Java coast of Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to collect detailed information regarding the abundance, color, shape, size, type of polymer, and chemical components of the MP. The findings of this study indicated that MP exhibiting distinct attributes-including a specific fiber type, black coloration, and a size range of 1000- <5000 µm-was most abundant in the gill, stomach, and intestines of spotted scat fish of varying lengths. And MP with a size range of 100-<500 µm was prevalent in the sediment. MP with black fragments measuring less than 100 µm in diameter were found primarily in seawater. A positive correlation was identified between fish length and MP abundance in the intestines, as indicated by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Conversely, a negative correlation was detected between fish length and MP abundance in the gills. The findings of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, which indicate the presence of various polymers and chemical substances including plasticizers (e.g., diethyl phthalate, decane, and eicosane), stabilizers (2-piperidinone, hexadecanoic acid, mesitylene, and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol), and flame retardant (cyclododecene), in fish, are of the utmost importance. These substances have the potential to endanger the health of both animals and humans if they are ingested through the food chain.

An assessment of the potential health hazards associated with metal contamination in a variety of consumable species living along the industrialized coastline of East Java, Indonesia.

The massive industrial growth in Gresik, East Java, Indonesia has the potential to result in metal contamination in the nearby coastal waters. The purpose of this study was to analyze the metal concentrations in edible species from the Gresik coastal waters and evaluate the potential health risks linked to this metal contamination. Metal concentrations (Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Ni, Hg, and Cr) in fish and shrimp samples mostly met the maximum limits established by national and international regulatory organizations. The concentrations of As in Scatophagus argus exceed both the permissible limit established by Indonesia and the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The As concentration in Arius bilineatus is equal to the PTWI. The target cancer risk (TCR) values for both As and Cr in all analyzed species exceed the threshold of 0.0001, suggesting that these two metals possess the potential to provide a cancer risk to humans.

The spatial distribution and physico-chemical characteristic of microplastics in the sediment and cockle (Anadara granosa) from the coastal waters of East Java, Indonesia, and the health hazards associated with cockle consumption.

This study evaluated microplastic (MP) abundances and physico-chemical characteristics in sediments and Anadara granosa along the East Java coast and their health implications. Fibers (74 %) dominated sediment MPs at south coast, while fragments (49-61 %) dominated north coast. Fiber (43-52 %) is the predominant MP in cockle tissues in all locations. Most MP in sediments (31-47 %) and cockle tissues (41-49 %) is black. The majority of microplastics (100-1500 µm) are found in sediment (73-90 %), and cockles (77-79 %). Very weak correlations found between the amount of MP and the length of the cockle shell. However, Spearman correlation shows that as the amount of MP in sediment increases, so does the amount of MP in cockle tissue. Each year, individuals of varying ages consume an average of 20,800 to 156,000 MP items. Cockles contain plasticizer components and microplastic polymers which are classified from II to V regarding of hazard levels, with V being the most hazardous.

The Presence of Microplastics in the Gills and Gastrointestinal Tract of Mackerel (Rastrelliger Kanagurta Cuvier, 1816) from Jakarta Bay, Indonesia.

This study examined the characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in the gills and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) captured in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. All 120 fish contained MPs, with fragment > fiber > film being the most prevalent types, in that order. The total abundances of fragments, fibers, and films in the gills were as follows: 4.8 ± 1.6, 1.0 ± 0.7, and 0.3 ± 0.3, respectively. The total abundances of fragments, fibers, and films in the GIT were 5.9 ± 2.3, 1.3 ± 0.8, and 0.4 ± 0.4, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the abundance of fragments, fibers and films in both the gills and GIT of mackerel did not differ significantly between sampling locations. In the gills and GIT, MPs with sizes less than 0.1 mm and MPs that were black in color were most prevalent. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests on MPs from the tissues of mackerel showed that there were 8 different types of MP polymers, namely, latex, nylon, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), cellulose acetate (CA), polyurethane (PU), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Latex and polycarbonate were detected in fish samples from Jakarta Bay.

Histological changes in liver and kidney of male mice by age after exposure to aluminum chloride.

The informal aluminum industry is increasingly widespread in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Indonesia. Aluminum exposure is a serious public health problem, especially among workers in the informal aluminum foundry sector. Research on aluminum (Al) is important to advance our understanding of its impact on physiological systems. Here, we investigated the effect of exposure to aluminum longitudinal histological changes on the liver and kidneys of male mice. Mice were separated into six groups (4/group): group 1, group 2, group 3 received vehicles, and group 4, group 5, group 6 were administered a single dose of Al at 200 mg/kg b.w. by intraperitoneally every 3 days for 4 weeks. Post-sacrifice, kidneys and liver were isolated for examination. While Al did not impact the body weight gain of male mice across all groups, it caused liver damage including sinusoidal dilatation, enlarged central veins, vacuolar degeneration, and pyknotic nuclei in one-month-old mice. Furthermore, atrophied glomeruli, blood-filled spaces, and disintegration of renal tubular epithelium are evident at one-month-age. By contrast, sinusoidal dilatation and enlarged central veins were found in mice two- and three-months-old, including hemorrhage in mice (two-month-old) and atrophy of glomeruli. Lastly, the kidneys of three-month-old mice displayed interstitial fibrosis and increasing mesenchyme in the glomeruli. In summary, we demonstrated that Al provoked histological changes in the liver and kidneys with Al-treated 1-month mice being the most susceptible.

Microplastics in green mussels (Perna viridis) from Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, and the associated hazards to human health posed by their consumption.

The Jakarta Bay is the estuary for thirteen rivers that flow through densely populated and industrialized upstream regions. This condition has the potential to pollute the Jakarta Bay with microplastics that are transported from the upstream river. Meanwhile, people, particularly fishermen, continue to use Jakarta Bay for fishing and aquaculture. This study examined microplastics (MP) abundance in the whole tissues of green mussels (Perna viridis) grown in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, and their health risks. MP was identified in all 120 green mussels, with fiber > film > fragment being the most common kinds. The abundance of fiber was 19 items/g of tissue, whereas the abundances of fragments and film were 14.5 items/g and 15 item/g, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests on MP from the tissues of green mussels showed that there were 12 different types of MP polymers. The estimated amount of MP that humans consume each year varied from 29,120 MP items/year to 218,400 MP items/year for different age groups. Based on the total mean number of MP found in the tissues of green mussels and the amount of shellfish consumed per person in Indonesia, it was estimated that people ate 775,180 MP through shellfish each year.

Nanocurcumin, Promising Potential Protective Agent Against Histopathological Damage in the Cerebral Cortex of Mice Induced by Aluminum Chloride.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Aluminum (Al) is widely used in many aspects of daily life, such as food packaging, cooking utensil components, food additives, cosmetics and water distillation. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of nanocurcumin on the cerebral cortex of one and two-month-old mice exposed to 200 mg kg¹ b.wt., aluminium. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The Swiss Webster mice were used in this study. The control group only received sterile distilled water, the Al group was administered 200 mg kg¹ b.wt., of AlCl₃ solution and the Al+Na Cur group was administered 200 mg kg¹ b.wt., AlCl₃+200 mg kg¹ nanocurcumin by intraperitoneal injection. The nanocurcumin was administered one hour after AlCl₃exposure and then on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30. All the mice were anaesthetized and their brains were collected and fixed in a neutral formalin buffer solution for histological analysis. The paraffin method was used in this study. <b>Results:</b> The death of granular neuron cells and karyolysis cells and the vacuolation of the pyramid cell layer of the cerebral cortex could be prevented by the intraperitoneal administration of nanocurcumin. The effect of nanocurcumin administration on the Al group at two months of age was more effective than on the Al group at one month of age. <b>Conclusion:</b> Nanocurcumin can be a promising candidate protective agent against cerebral cortex changes after aluminium administration.

Effects of Extract of Betel Leaf (Piperaceae) against Ectoparasite "Ich" on Pangasius Catfish.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Freshwater fish aquaculture in Indonesia has grown rapidly, especially the aquaculture of catfish (<i>Pangasianodon hypophthalmus</i>). This species is very good because it is fast-growing and very popular in the market and is important for national food security in many Asian countries. One of the problems faced by freshwater fish aquaculture is ectoparasite <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i> infection, which often results in significant economic losses to freshwater fish aquaculture. This study aimed to check the effect extract of betel leaf against the ectoparasite, <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i> in pangasius catfish in an eco-friendly manner. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 120 fishes with a mean weight of 4.17±0.96 g and a length of 8.5±0.67 cm were examined. Preliminary research was carried out to detect ectoparasites in fish. All fish was infected with ectoparasitic Ich (100%) and were identified as a salt-like granule white spot and a large C-shaped macronucleus. Infected fishes were transferred and equally distributed to the tank (20 L water) which had previously been treated with betel leaf extract for 24 hrs, 3 days, at doses 2.5, 5 and 7.5 g L¹ and control. <b>Results:</b> The results showed that the betel leaf extract solution effect decreased significantly to the number of ectoparasites <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i>, both in mucus and pangasius catfish and a dose of 7.5 g L¹ was the optimum dose. <b>Conclusion:</b> Betel leaf extract has the potential to control the decrease in the number of ectoparasites, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed.

Student Perceptions in Measuring Teaching Behavior Across Six Countries: A Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach to Measurement Invariance.

The purpose of this study is to examine measurement invariance of scoring of teaching behavior, as perceived by students, across six cultural contexts (Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, South Africa, South Korea, and Indonesia). It also aims to compare perceived teaching behavior across the six countries based on a uniform student measure. Results from multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) showed perceived teaching behavior in the six countries to be adequately invariant. Perceived teaching behavior was the highest in South Korea and the lowest in Indonesia. The findings provide new insights into the relevance and differences of teaching behavior across cultural contexts.

Tempeh & soybean seed coat: the alternative sources of trans-resveratrol as neuroprotective agents / Tempeh y cubierta de semillas de soja: fuentes alternativas de trans-resveratrol como agentes neuroprotectores

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or attack by fungi. The underutilization of soybean seed coat (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) and tempeh, cheap Indonesia fermented food thus opens up a new opportunity for developing a Resveratrol-based medicine for Plants-Derived Neuroprotective Agents purposes. In this study, it was isolated from tempeh, ordinarily well-known as Indonesian soybean fermented food, and soybean seed coat. The finding of this compound was confirmed by TLC and HPLC analysis applying fluorescence detection. From this, the Rf-value for transresveratrol is 0.64. As eluent, a mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (2.5+1+0.1, v/v) was selected. In addition, retention time for tempeh was 14.467 and for soybean seed coat was 11.977. The extraction yield of resveratrol was 65.15 % in tempeh and 55.35 % in soybean seed coat. Resveratrol isolated from Tempeh and Soybean seed coat gave prevents some reaction by modulating intracellular signaling pathways: protein kinase C (PKC), a family of 12 serine/ threonine kinases and providing a new lead molecule for neuroprotective affects in addition to has prevented cell death by apoptosis.

El resveratrol es un estilbenoide, un tipo de fenol natural, y fitoalexina producida por varias plantas en respuesta a una lesión o ataque de hongos. La subutilización de la cubierta de la semilla de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) y el tempeh, alimento fermentado barato de Indonesia, abren una nueva oportunidad para obtener un medicamento a base de resveratrol para propósitos de desarrollo de agentes neuroprotectores derivados de plantas. En este estudio, se aisló el resveratrol del tempeh, generalmente conocido como alimento fermentado de soja de Indonesia y de la cubierta de la semilla de soja. El hallazgo de este compuesto se confirmó mediante análisis de TLC y HPLC aplicando detección de fluorescencia. A partir de esto, el valor de Rf para trans-resveratrol es 0,64. Como eluyente, se seleccionó una mezcla de cloroformo, acetato de etilo y ácido fórmico (2,5 + 1 + 0,1, v / v). Además, el tiempo de retención para el tempeh fue de 14,467 y para el revestimiento de semilla de soja fue de 11,977. El rendimiento de extracción del resveratrol fue del 65,15 % en tempeh y del 55,35 % en la cubierta de la semilla de soja. El resveratrol aislado de tempeh y de la cubierta de la semilla de soja previno reacciones mediante la modulación de ciertas vías de señalización intracelular: proteína quinasa C (PKC), una familia de 12 serina/treonin quinasas, proporcionando una nueva molécula de plomo con efectos neuroprotectores, además de prevenir la muerte celular por apoptosis.

Western Blot Analysis and Immunostaining for Prediction of Embryotoxicity in Mus musculus.

A broad range of research must be answered in order to gain a complete understanding of the histological and histochemical profile of teratological exposure in Mus musculus. Continued research is needed to track patterns of teratogen effects on the DNA expression of the embryonic brain and its variation impact. An important technique used in cell and molecular biology is Western blotting. By using a Western blot analysis and immunostaining, researchers are able to predict embryotoxicity in Mus musculus. The method uses three elements to accomplish this task: (1) Nonspecific antibody binding to a nitrocellulose membrane, (2) an incubation using a primary antibody, and (3) the antigen-antibody reaction using a secondary antibody. The proteins are further stained with a substrate/chromogen. In this chapter, the electrophoresis-based protein detection following mice embryonic exposure to a teratogen, 2-methoxyethanol, is described.

Existence of vimentin and GFAP protein expressions as a result of 2-Methoxyethanol administration in cerebral cortex tissue of Swiss Webster mice (Mus musculus): an immunohistochemical analysis.

Une of the plastic-based materials widely used in the plastics industry in various countries is ester phthalate. This compound will be oxidized in the body into 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME). The effect of 2-ME on human health and environment depends on the number, duration and the frequency of exposure. Recently, the incidence of brain damage tends to increase. In the last decade, it has been widely reported the negative effects of chemical pollutants to the environment. The aim of this study were to know the existence of the expression of Vimentin and GFAP proteins caused by 2-ME on the histological structure of the cerebral cortex of mice fetal during the prenatal period on gestation day 14 (GD 14) and day 18 (GD 18). The 2-ME compound was injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 7.5 mmol kg(-1) of body weight at GD-10. The result showed that there is a change in existence Vimentin protein in the cerebral cortex fetal of treated mice at GD 14, which is very conspicuous. Meanwhile, a change in existence of GFAP protein in cerebral cortex fetal of treated mice at GD 14, have relatively no difference from controls and no impact on histological structure changes of the cerebral corteks at GD 14. The change in existence of Vimentin protein in the cerebral cortex fetal of treated mice at GD 14 have an impact on histological structure of the cerebral cortex of mice treated at GD 18. It is believed that the impact is due to the effects of 2-methoxyethanol.

Expression of vimentin and gfap protein of cerebral cortex and its impact on corticogenesis disorder as a result of 2-methoxyethanol / Expresión de vimentina y proteína gfap de la corteza cerebral y su impacto en el trastorno de corticogenesis como producto del 2-metoxietanol

One of the plastic base material, widely used in the plastics industry in various countries, is a ester phthalate. These compounds will be oxidizedin the body to 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME). Effect of 2-ME on human health and the environment depends on the number, duration and frequency of exposure. 2-ME and its metabolites in the body can damage cells and tissues. The body can be exposed by 2-ME through the air, water and soil. Western blot results showed that the protein Vimentin was detectable in the control group at GD-11 to 17, meanwhile GFAP protein was detachable in the control group atGD- 12 to GD-18. After administration 2-ME, the expression of Vimentinprotein were changed, and started at GD- 12 up to GD-18. whereas the expression of GFAP protein began at GD-11 up to GD-17. The Changes on timetable protein expression of Vimentin and GFAP affect corticogenesis disorder. The disorder caused by the existence of these proteins as a result of 2-Methoxyethanol. Disorder of corticogenesis process were sub-plate and cortical plate of the cerebral cortex of fetus brains of mice at GD-18. Generally, it can be concluded that changes inprotein expression of Vimentin and GFAP causedby 2-ME. The Vimentin more important during the period of fetal brain development. GFAP and Vimentin is a protein involved in response to damage caused by a teratogenic agent, so that cells in the cerebral cortex, has dedifferentiation.

Uno de los materiales a base de plástico, ampliamente utilizado en la industria en varios países, es un éster de ftalato. Estos compuestos se oxidan en el cuerpo a 2-metoxietanol (2-ME). El efecto del 2-ME en la salud humana y el medio ambiente depende de la cantidad, duración y frecuencia de exposición. El 2-ME y sus metabolitos en el cuerpo puede dañar las células y tejidos. El cuerpo puede ser expuesto al 2-ME a través del aire, agua y suelo. Los resultados de Western blot mostraron que la proteína vimentina fue detectable en el grupo de control en GD-11 a 17, por su parte proteína GFAP fue detectable en el grupo de control en GD-12 a GD-18. Después de la administración de 2-ME, la expresión de la proteína vimentina cambió, y comenzó a detectarse en GD-12 hasta GD-18, mientras que la expresión de la proteína GFAP se inició en GD-11 hasta GD-17. Los cambios en el momento de expresión de las proteínas vimentina y GFAP afectan produciendo trastornos de la corticogénesis. El trastorno causado por la existencia de estas proteínas como resultado de 2-metoxietanol a nivel del proceso corticogénesis fue en la subplaca y la placa cortical de la corteza cerebral del cerebro de fetos de ratones en GD-18. En general, se puede concluir que existen cambios en la expresión de las proteínas vimentina y GFAP causados por el 2-ME. La vimentina es muy importante durante el período de desarrollo del cerebro fetal. GFAP y vimentina son proteínas implicadas en la respuesta a los daños causados por un agente teratogénico, de modo que las células en la corteza cerebral presentan desdiferenciación.

Effect of Zearalenone administrated at late gestation days on fertility of the F-1 offspring in Swiss webster (Mus musculus) / Efecto de la Zearalenona administrada los días finales de gestación sobre la fertilidad de las crías F-1 en ratones Swiss Webster (Mus musculus)

Zearalenonesolution was given to dams micesubcutaneouslyat a dose of30 mg/kg body weightat the age ofpregnancy 13 to 18 days.Control micewere given only sesameoil. Furthermore, damsmice were allowed todeliver their litter and pups were weanedon 21 days of age. The live birth index andviability of the F-1 offspring were recorded. Determination of fertility of the F-1 offspring were undertaken by mating interlitters. On days 18 of gestation, the F-1 offspring were killed by cervical dislocation. The observation was performed on the number of live or dead fetus, embryo resorption, the number of implantation and the percentage of gestation loss. The result revealed that administration of zearalenone on days 13 to 18 of gestation caused a significant decreasein the number of implantation as the result of mating between control male with treated female and treated male with tretaed female of the F-1 offspring. It could be concluded that in the F-1 offspring, zearalenone interfered the process of ovarian develoment, stimulated the differentation of the uterus, decreased the fertility of the female and the effect of zearalenon was more persistent in the female than in the male...

Se administró una solución subcutánea de zearalenona en una dosis de 30 mg/kg de peso corporal en ratonas preñadas entre 13 a 18 días de gestación. Los ratones control recibieron sólo aceite de sésamo. Además, a las ratonas preñadas se les permitió amamantar a sus crías para ser destetadas a los 21 días de edad. El índice de nacidos vivos y viabilidad de la descendencia F-1 fuer registrado. La determinación de la fertilidad de la descendencia F-1 se llevó a cabo por apareamiento intercrías. El día 18 de gestación, la descendencia F-1 se sacrificó por dislocación cervical. Se observó el número de fetos vivos y muertos, reabsorción del embrión, número de implantaciones y porcentaje de pérdida de gestación. El resultado reveló que la administración de la zearalenona entre los días 13-18 de gestación causó un significativo descenso en el número de implantaciones, como resultado del apareamiento entre machos controles con hembras tratadas y machos tratados con hembras tratadas (F-1 crías). Se puede concluir que en la descendencia F-1, la zearalenona interfiere en el proceso de desarrollo ovárico, estimulado la diferenciación del útero, disminuyendo la fertilidad de la hembra; además el efecto del zearalenon fue más persistente en la hembra que en el macho...